Chemokine receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Chemokine Receptors [6,79-80]) comprise a large subfamily of 7TM proteins that bind one or more chemokines, a large family of small cytokines typically possessing chemotactic activity for leukocytes. Additional hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic roles have been identified for many chemokines in the areas of embryonic development, immune cell proliferation, activation and death, viral infection, and as antibacterials, among others. Chemokine receptors can be divided by function into two main groups: G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, which mediate leukocyte trafficking, and "Atypical chemokine receptors", which may signal through non-G protein-coupled mechanisms and act as chemokine scavengers to downregulate inflammation or shape chemokine gradients [6].

Chemokines in turn can be divided by structure into four subclasses by the number and arrangement of conserved cysteines. CC (also known as β-chemokines; n= 28), CXC (also known as α-chemokines; n= 17) and CX3C (n= 1) chemokines all have four conserved cysteines, with zero, one and three amino acids separating the first two cysteines respectively. C chemokines (n= 2) have only the second and fourth cysteines found in other chemokines. Chemokines can also be classified by function into homeostatic and inflammatory subgroups. Most chemokine receptors are able to bind multiple high-affinity chemokine ligands, but the ligands for a given receptor are almost always restricted to the same structural subclass. Most chemokines bind to more than one receptor subtype. Receptors for inflammatory chemokines are typically highly promiscuous with regard to ligand specificity, and may lack a selective endogenous ligand. G protein-coupled chemokine receptors are named acccording to the class of chemokines bound, whereas ACKR is the root acronym for atypical chemokine receptors [7]. There can be substantial cross-species differences in the sequences of both chemokines and chemokine receptors, and in the pharmacology and biology of chemokine receptors. Endogenous and microbial non-chemokine ligands have also been identified for chemokine receptors. Many chemokine receptors function as HIV co-receptors, but CCR5 is the only one demonstrated to play an essential role in HIV/AIDS pathogenesis. The tables include both standard chemokine receptor names [125] and aliases.

Specific chemokine receptors facilitate cell entry by microbes, such as ACKR1 for Plasmodium vivax, and CCR5 and CXCR4 for HIV-1. Virally encoded chemokine receptors are known (e.g. US28, a homologue of CCR1 from human cytomegalovirus and ORF74, which encodes a homolog of CXCR2 in Herpesvirus saimiri and gamma-Herpesvirus-68), but their role in viral life cycles is not established. Viruses can exploit or subvert the chemokine system by producing chemokine antagonists and scavengers. Three chemokine receptor antagonists have now been approved by the FDA: 1) the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc (Pfizer) for treatment of HIV/AIDS in patients with CCR5-using strains; and 2) the CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor (Sanofi) for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization with G-CSF (CSF3, P09919) in patients undergoing transplantation in the context of chemotherapy for Hodgkins' Disease and multiple myeloma; and 3) the CCR4 blocking antibody Poteligeo (mogamulizumab-kpkc, Kyowa Kirin, Inc.) for mycosis fungoides or Sezary syndrome.

* Key recommended reading is highlighted with an asterisk

* Bachelerie F, Ben-Baruch A, Burkhardt AM, Combadiere C, Farber JM, Graham GJ, Horuk R, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Locati M, Luster AD et al.. (2014) International Union of Pharmacology. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev, 66 (1): 1-79. [PMID:24218476]

* Bachelerie F, Graham GJ, Locati M, Mantovani A, Murphy PM, Nibbs R, Rot A, Sozzani S, Thelen M. (2015) An atypical addition to the chemokine receptor nomenclature: IUPHAR Review 15. Br J Pharmacol, 172 (16): 3945-9. [PMID:25958743]

* Koelink PJ, Overbeek SA, Braber S, de Kruijf P, Folkerts G, Smit MJ, Kraneveld AD. (2012) Targeting chemokine receptors in chronic inflammatory diseases: an extensive review. Pharmacol Ther, 133 (1): 1-18. [PMID:21839114]

* Murphy PM. (2002) International Union of Pharmacology. XXX. Update on chemokine receptor nomenclature. Pharmacol Rev, 54 (2): 227-9. [PMID:12037138]

* Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hébert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, Power CA. (2000) International union of pharmacology. XXII. Nomenclature for chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev, 52 (1): 145-76. [PMID:10699158]

Muñoz LM, Lucas P, Holgado BL, Barroso R, Vega B, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Mellado M. (2011) Receptor oligomerization: a pivotal mechanism for regulating chemokine function. Pharmacol Ther, 131 (3): 351-8. [PMID:21600920]

* Scholten DJ, Canals M, Maussang D, Roumen L, Smit MJ, Wijtmans M, de Graaf C, Vischer HF, Leurs R. (2012) Pharmacological modulation of chemokine receptor function. Br J Pharmacol, 165 (6): 1617-43. [PMID:21699506]

Szpakowska M, Fievez V, Arumugan K, van Nuland N, Schmit JC, Chevigné A. (2012) Function, diversity and therapeutic potential of the N-terminal domain of human chemokine receptors. Biochem Pharmacol, 84 (10): 1366-80. [PMID:22935450]

Wedemeyer MJ, Mahn SA, Getschman AE, Crawford KS, Peterson FC, Marchese A, McCorvy JD, Volkman BF. (2020) The chemokine X-factor: Structure-function analysis of the CXC motif at CXCR4 and ACKR3. J Biol Chem, 295 (40): 13927-13939. [PMID:32788219]

White GE, Iqbal AJ, Greaves DR. (2013) CC chemokine receptors and chronic inflammation--therapeutic opportunities and pharmacological challenges. Pharmacol Rev, 65 (1): 47-89. [PMID:23300131]

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Subcommittee members: Francoise Bachelerie Pathogénie Virale, Inserm U819 Institut Pasteur 25-28 rue du Dr Roux 75015 Paris France Adit Ben-Baruch Department Cell Research and Immunology George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel Christophe Combadiere Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM UMR-S 945 Paris France Joshua M. Farber Building 10 - Magnuson Clinical Center, 11N112 10 Center Dr Bethesda MD USA Gerard J. Graham Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre University of Glasgow 120 University Place Glasgow, G12 8TA UK Richard Horuk Department of Immunology Berlex Biosciences 15049 San Pablo Ave Richmond CA 94804 USA Massimo Locati University of Milan Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milano, Italy Andrew D. Luster Massachusetts General Hospital CIID/Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology 149 13th Street, Rm 8301 Charlestown MA 2129 USA Alberto Mantovani Department of Inflammation and Immunology Humanitas Clinical and Research Center Rozzano Italy Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine University of Milan Rozzano Italy Philip M. Murphy (Chairperson) Head, Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, and Chief, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health 9000 Rockville Pike MSC-1888 Bldg. 10, Room 11N113 Bethesda MD 20892 USA Robert J. B. Nibbs Centre for Immunobiology Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK Hisayuki Nomiyama Department of Molecular Enzymology Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan Christine A. Power Merck Serono Geneva Research Center Merck Serono International SA 9 Chemin des Mines 1202 Geneva Switzerland Amanda E. I. Proudfoot  Merck Serono Geneva Research Center Merck Serono International SA, 9 Chemin des Mines 1202 Geneva Switzerland Mette M. Rosenkilde Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology Panum Instituttet, Blegdamsvej 3 2200 København N Denmark Antal Rot Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Vienna A1235, Austria Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK Silvano Sozzani Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Brescia Viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy Marcus Thelen Signal-Transduction Research Department Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB) Bellinzona Switzerland Osamu Yoshie Department of Microbiology Kinki University Faculty of Medicine Osaka-Sayama Osaka Japan Albert Zlotnik University of California, Irvine 3034 Hewitt Hall Irvine CA 92697 USA Amanda M. Burkhardt University of California, Irvine Institute for Immunology 3012 Hewitt Hall Irvine CA 92697-4120 USA Alexander H. Sparre-Ulrich Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Other contributors: Israel F. Charo Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease PO Box 419100 San Francisco CA 94141-9100 USA Reinhold Förster Institute of Immunology (OE5240) Hannover Medical School Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1 Gebäude I11 30625 Hannover Germany Rebecca Hills (Past curator) Kouji Matsushima Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine School of Medicine University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku Tokyo 113 Japan Amy E. Monaghan (Past curator) Georgios L. Moschovakis Institute of Immunology (OE5240) Hannover Medical School Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1 Gebäude I11 30625 Hannover Germany Joost J. Oppenheim Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation Division of Basic Sciences National Cancer Institute Frederick Cancer Research and Development Centre Building 560 Room 31-71 Frederick MD 21702-1201 USA Mohib Uddin AstraZeneca R&D BioPharmaceuticals Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Sweden