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Gene and Protein Information | ||||||
Species | TM | AA | Chromosomal Location | Gene Symbol | Gene Name | Reference |
Human | 1 | 199 | 2q33.2 | ICOS | inducible T cell costimulator | 3 |
Mouse | 1 | 200 | 1 30.6 cM | Icos | inducible T cell co-stimulator | |
Rat | 1 | 200 | 9q32 | Icos | inducible T-cell co-stimulator |
Previous and Unofficial Names |
inducible T-cell costimulator | activation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule | AILIM | CVID1 | inducible costimulator |
Database Links | |
Alphafold | Q9Y6W8 (Hs), Q9WVS0 (Mm), Q9R1T7 (Rn) |
ChEMBL Target | CHEMBL3712953 (Hs) |
Ensembl Gene | ENSG00000163600 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000026009 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000046196 (Rn) |
Entrez Gene | 29851 (Hs), 54167 (Mm), 64545 (Rn) |
Human Protein Atlas | ENSG00000163600 (Hs) |
KEGG Gene | hsa:29851 (Hs), mmu:54167 (Mm), rno:64545 (Rn) |
OMIM | 604558 (Hs) |
Pharos | Q9Y6W8 (Hs) |
RefSeq Nucleotide | NM_012092 (Hs), NM_017480 (Mm), NM_022610 (Rn) |
RefSeq Protein | NP_036224 (Hs), NP_059508 (Mm), NP_072132 (Rn) |
UniProtKB | Q9Y6W8 (Hs), Q9WVS0 (Mm), Q9R1T7 (Rn) |
Wikipedia | ICOS (Hs) |
Natural/Endogenous Ligands |
ICOS ligand {Sp: Human} |
Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file
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Immunopharmacology Comments |
Inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS) and it's ligand constitute an immune checkpoint. ICOS is a surface receptor on activated T cells that binds its ligand on antigen presenting cells. Ligand-receptor interaction is a T cell activation signal. ICOS is a major regulator of the adaptive immune reponse that is structurally and functionally related to CD28 [3]. One of the major regulators of ICOS expression is Roquin-1 (RC3H1; Q5TC82), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that contributes to the maintenance of immune homeostasis by regulating the expression of a number of immunoregulatory proteins [7]. Roquin-mediated reduction in ICOS mRNA levels results in repression of autoimmunity, and conversley a loss-of-function mutation in mouse Rc3h1 increases T cell Icos expression which leads to an accumulation of lymphocytes and an associated lupus-like autoimmune syndrome [9]. ICOS is being investigated as an immuno-oncology drug target. Agonist-like binding of anti-ICOS monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to ICOS expressed on tumour infiltrating CD4-positive T cells stimulates ICOS-positive T cell proliferation, enhances cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) survival and increases CTL-mediated immune responses against tumour cells. Anti-ICOS mAbs such as JTX-2011 and GSK3359609 are being evaluated in early stage clinical trials as either monotherapy or in combination with other immune checkpoint inhibitor mAbs vs. various solid tumour types (JTX-2011: Phase 1/2 NCT02904226 ±anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhihbitor nivolumab; feladilimab (GSK3359609): Phase 2/3 NCT04128696 ±anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhihbitor pembrolizumab). In July 2021, GSK announced that they were terminating development of feladilimab due to lack of efficacy detected at interim analysis of their Phase 2 lung cancer study NCT03739710. |
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General Comments |
ICOS belongs to the CD28 and CTLA-4 cell-surface receptor family. It is active as homodimers and is a costimulatory molecule involved in cell-cell signaling, innate immune responses, and regulation of cell proliferation. |
1. Beier KC, Hutloff A, Dittrich AM, Heuck C, Rauch A, Büchner K, Ludewig B, Ochs HD, Mages HW, Kroczek RA. (2000) Induction, binding specificity and function of human ICOS. Eur J Immunol, 30 (12): 3707-17. [PMID:11169414]
2. Grimbacher B, Hutloff A, Schlesier M, Glocker E, Warnatz K, Dräger R, Eibel H, Fischer B, Schäffer AA, Mages HW et al.. (2003) Homozygous loss of ICOS is associated with adult-onset common variable immunodeficiency. Nat Immunol, 4 (3): 261-8. [PMID:12577056]
3. Hutloff A, Dittrich AM, Beier KC, Eljaschewitsch B, Kraft R, Anagnostopoulos I, Kroczek RA. (1999) ICOS is an inducible T-cell co-stimulator structurally and functionally related to CD28. Nature, 397 (6716): 263-6. [PMID:9930702]
4. Liu Y-b, Parmar RS, Mayes P, Olive D. (2016) Agonistic icos binding proteins. Patent number: WO2016120789A1. Assignee: Glaxosmithkline Intellectual Property Development Limited, Inserm (Institut National De La Sante Et De La Recherche Medicale), Institut Jean Paoli & Irene Calmettes, Universite D'aix-Marseille, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique. Priority date: 28/01/2015. Publication date: 04/08/2016.
5. Salomon B, Lenschow DJ, Rhee L, Ashourian N, Singh B, Sharpe A, Bluestone JA. (2000) B7/CD28 costimulation is essential for the homeostasis of the CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells that control autoimmune diabetes. Immunity, 12 (4): 431-40. [PMID:10795741]
6. Salzer U, Maul-Pavicic A, Cunningham-Rundles C, Urschel S, Belohradsky BH, Litzman J, Holm A, Franco JL, Plebani A, Hammarstrom L et al.. (2004) ICOS deficiency in patients with common variable immunodeficiency. Clin Immunol, 113 (3): 234-40. [PMID:15507387]
7. Schaefer JS, Klein JR. (2016) Roquin--a multifunctional regulator of immune homeostasis. Genes Immun, 17 (2): 79-84. [PMID:26673963]
8. Vocanson M, Rozieres A, Hennino A, Poyet G, Gaillard V, Renaudineau S, Achachi A, Benetiere J, Kaiserlian D, Dubois B et al.. (2010) Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is a marker for highly suppressive antigen-specific T cells sharing features of TH17/TH1 and regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 126 (2): 280-9, 289.e1-7. [PMID:20624644]
9. Yu D, Tan AH, Hu X, Athanasopoulos V, Simpson N, Silva DG, Hutloff A, Giles KM, Leedman PJ, Lam KP et al.. (2007) Roquin represses autoimmunity by limiting inducible T-cell co-stimulator messenger RNA. Nature, 450 (7167): 299-303. [PMID:18172933]
Other immune checkpoint proteins: ICOS (CD278). Last modified on 02/08/2021. Accessed on 03/11/2024. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, https://www.guidetoimmunopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=2939.