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KCa2.3

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Target not currently curated in GtoImmuPdb

Target id: 383

Nomenclature: KCa2.3

Family: Calcium- and sodium-activated potassium channels (KCa, KNa)

Contents:

Gene and Protein Information Click here for help
Species TM P Loops AA Chromosomal Location Gene Symbol Gene Name Reference
Human 6 1 731 1q21.3 KCNN3 potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily N member 3 9,20
Mouse 6 1 732 3 F1 Kcnn3 potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 3 4,45
Rat 6 1 732 2q34 Kcnn3 potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily N member 3 2,30
Previous and Unofficial Names Click here for help
SK3 | SKCa3 | small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3 | potassium channel, calcium activated intermediate/small conductance subfamily N alpha, member 3 | potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel
Database Links Click here for help
Alphafold Q9UGI6 (Hs), P58391 (Mm), P70605 (Rn)
CATH/Gene3D 2.130.10.10
ChEMBL Target CHEMBL3381 (Hs), CHEMBL3780 (Rn)
Ensembl Gene ENSG00000143603 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000000794 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000020706 (Rn)
Entrez Gene 3782 (Hs), 140493 (Mm), 54263 (Rn)
Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000143603 (Hs)
KEGG Gene hsa:3782 (Hs), mmu:140493 (Mm), rno:54263 (Rn)
OMIM 602983 (Hs)
Pharos Q9UGI6 (Hs)
RefSeq Nucleotide NM_170782 (Hs), NM_002249 (Hs), NM_080466 (Mm), NM_019315 (Rn)
RefSeq Protein NP_002240 (Hs), NP_740752 (Hs), NP_536714 (Mm), NP_062188 (Rn)
UniProtKB Q9UGI6 (Hs), P58391 (Mm), P70605 (Rn)
Wikipedia KCNN3 (Hs)
Associated Proteins Click here for help
Heteromeric Pore-forming Subunits
Name References
Not determined
Auxiliary Subunits
Name References
Not determined
Other Associated Proteins
Name References
calmodulin 50,66
Functional Characteristics Click here for help
SKCa
Ion Selectivity and Conductance Click here for help
Species:  Human
Rank order:  K+ > Rb+ > Cs+
References:  62
Voltage Dependence Comments
KCa2.3 is voltage independent.

Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file go icon to follow link

Activators
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Concentration range (M) Holding voltage (mV) Reference
EBIO Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Rn Agonist - - 5x10-5 - 21
⤷ Conc range: 5x10-5 M [21]
riluzole Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Rn Agonist - - 3x10-6 - 1x10-5 - 21
⤷ Conc range: 3x10-6 - 1x10-5 M [21]
NS309 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Agonist - - 3x10-8 - 53,61
⤷ Conc range: 3x10-8 M [53,61]
NS13001 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Mm Agonist 6.8 pEC50 - - 27
⤷ pEC50 6.8 (EC50 1.4x10-7 M) [27]
Ca2+ Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Agonist 6.0 – 6.5 pEC50 - - 25,62,66
⤷ pEC50 6.0 – 6.5 [25,62,66]
Ca2+ Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand is endogenous in the given species Rn Agonist 6.2 pEC50 - - 2
⤷ pEC50 6.2 [2]
SKA-31 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Agonist 5.5 pEC50 - - 46
⤷ pEC50 5.5 (EC50 3x10-6 M) [46]
CyPPA Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Agonist 5.3 pEC50 - - 25
⤷ pEC50 5.3 [25]
DC-EBIO Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Agonist 4.9 pEC50 - - 64
⤷ pEC50 4.9 [64]
riluzole Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Agonist 4.9 pEC50 - - 46
⤷ pEC50 4.9 (EC50 1.25x10-5 M) [46]
EBIO Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Agonist 3.8 pEC50 - - 61-62
⤷ pEC50 3.8 [61-62]
View species-specific activator tables
Activator Comments
NS309, riluzole, DC-EBIO and EBIO increase the Ca2+ sensitivity of KCa2 channels.

A detailed review of KCa2 channel pharmacology can be found in [64]. For shorter more recent reviews see [65] and [12].
Inhibitors
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Concentration range (M) Holding voltage (mV) Reference
apamin Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Hs - 7.9 – 9.1 pIC50 - - 57,62
⤷ pIC50 7.9 – 9.1 (IC50 1.32x10-8 – 8x10-10 M) [57,62]
UCL1684 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs - 8.0 – 9.0 pIC50 - - 16,61
⤷ pIC50 8.0 – 9.0 [16,61]
Gating inhibitors Click here for help
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Concentration range (M) Holding voltage (mV) Reference
NS11757 Small molecule or natural product Rn - 8.1 pKd - - 54
⤷ pKd 8.1 [54]
RA-2 Small molecule or natural product Hs Antagonist 7.7 pIC50 - - 40
⤷ pIC50 7.7 (IC50 2x10-8 M) [40]
NS8593 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Antagonist 6.1 pIC50 - - 52
⤷ pIC50 6.1 [52]
View species-specific gating inhibitor tables
Gating Inhibitor Comments
NS5893 is an inhibitory gating modulator that decreases the Ca2+ sensitivity of KCa2 channels [52]. [1,3-phenylenebis(methylene) bis(3-fluoro-4-hydroxybenzoate) (RA-2) is a negative gating modulator that inhibits KCa3.1 with an IC50 of 17 nM and all three KCa2 channels with similar potency. It right-shifts the Ca2+ activation curve [40].
Channel Blockers
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Concentration range (M) Holding voltage (mV) Reference
Lei-Dab7 Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 8.4 pKd - - 48
⤷ pKd 8.4 (Kd 3.8x10-9 M) [48]
apamin Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Rn Antagonist 8.9 – 9.2 pIC50 - - 2,24
⤷ pIC50 8.9 – 9.2 [2,24]
leiurotoxin I Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 8.7 – 9.0 pIC50 - - 48,62
⤷ pIC50 8.7 – 9.0 [48,62]
tamapin Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Rn Antagonist 8.8 pIC50 - - 44
⤷ pIC50 8.8 [44]
UCL1848 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Rn Antagonist 8.7 pIC50 - - 24
⤷ pIC50 8.7 [24]
UCL1684 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Rn Antagonist 8.2 pIC50 - - 24
⤷ pIC50 8.2 [24]
leiurotoxin I Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Rn Antagonist 8.1 pIC50 - - 24
⤷ pIC50 8.1 [24]
P05 Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 7.6 pIC50 - - 48
⤷ pIC50 7.6 [48]
dequalinium Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Antagonist 4.5 pIC50 - - 57
⤷ pIC50 4.5 [57]
tubocurarine Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 3.7 – 4.5 pIC50 - - 57,62
⤷ pIC50 3.7 – 4.5 [57,62]
tetraethylammonium Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs - 2.7 pIC50 - - 61
⤷ pIC50 2.7 [61]
View species-specific channel blocker tables
Tissue Distribution Click here for help
Omentum, rectum, myometrium, small intestine, skeletal muscle, endometrium, urinary bladder, hypothalamus, thyroid, uterus, crevix, tonsil, thymus, lung, adenoid, kidney, oesophagus, herat, colon, ovary, trachea, adrenal gland, spleen, testis, salivary gland, mammary gland and stomach, clitoris and corpus cavernosum.
Species:  Human
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR
References:  11
Granulocyte-defferentialted PLB-985 cells
Species:  Human
Technique:  Electrophysiology, RT-PCR
References:  17
Cardiac myocytes
Species:  Human
Technique:  Electrophysiology, Pharmacology, Western blot and RT-PCR
References:  49
Neutrophils.
Species:  Human
Technique:  RT-PCR
References:  17
Cardiac myocytes (higher expression in atrial than ventricular myocytes)
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  Electrophysiology, Pharmacology, Western blot and RT-PCR
References:  69
Urinary bladder smooth muscle
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  Electrophysiology, Immunohistochemistry
References:  22
Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  Electrophysiology, Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR
References:  63
Denervated skeletal muscle.
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  Electrophysiology, Western blot
References:  26
Pancreatic islets and insulinomas (mouse and rat).
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Electrophysiology, Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR
References:  55
Vascular endothelium (mouse and rat).
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Electrophysiology, Immunohistochemistry, Pharmacology, RT-PCR
References:  14,56
Brain (olfactory system, neocortex, hippocampus, septum, amygdala, thalamus, habenula, hypothalamus, brain stem, cerebellum, substantianigra, ependyma, ventral tegmental area, olfactory tubercle, caudate putamen)
Species:  Rat
Technique:  In situ hybridisation
References:  30,51
Urinary bladder smooth muscle
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Electrophysiology, Immunohistochemistry
References:  43
Astrocytes (mouse and rat)
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry
References:  1
Liver
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry
References:  2
Tissue Distribution Comments
Also expressed in vascular endothelium in mouse, dog, pig, rabbit (pulmonary vein) [6-7,13,41].
Functional Assays Click here for help
Two-electrode voltage-clamp.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Xenopus oocytes injected with KCa2.3 mRNA.
Response measured:  KCa2.3 current.
References:  30,66
Patch-clamp recordings of mammalian cells transiently or stably transfected with KCa2.3.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  HEK-293 and CHO cells.
Response measured:  KCa2.3 current.
References:  16,25,48,52-53,57,62,64
Patch-clamp recording of mammalian cells transiently or stably transfected with KCa2.3.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  HEK-293 and COS-7 cells.
Response measured:  KCa2.3 current.
References:  2,21,24,44,52
Patch-clamp recording.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Cultured superior cervical ganglion neurons.
Response measured:  mAHP current and neuronal firing frequency.
References:  24
Patch-clamp recordings from dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Midbrain slices containing the substantia nigra pars compacta.
Response measured:  mAHP current and neuronal firing frequency.
References:  63
Patch-clamp recordings
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Bladder myocytes or flexor digitorium brevis muscle fibres (innervated of denervated skeletal muscle).
Response measured:  KCa2.3 current, muscle action potentials.
References:  22,26
Physiological Functions Click here for help
KCa2.3 underlies the medium AHP current in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and regulates their firing frequency. KCa2.3 could potentially contribute to the medium AHP in other neurons.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.
References:  50,60,63
KCa2.3 is involved in determining excitability and contractility of urinary bladder smooth muscle. Transgenic mice overexpressing KCa2.3 have greater bladder capacitance.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Bladder smooth muscle
References:  22
KCa2.3 channels are probably important in neurons regulating respiration in response to hypoxia and parturition during labour.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Neurons, uterine smooth muscle.
References:  4
KCa2.3 channels are involved in respiratory burst in rat microglia and human neutrophils.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Microglia, neutrophils.
References:  17,28
KCa2.3, together with KCa3.1, underlies the endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor (EDHF) response. EDHF-mediated vasodilation can be measured in various arterial preparations from rats and mice. Doxicyclin induced suppression of KCa2.3 expression in transgenic mice overexpressing KCa2.3 leads to elevation in blood pressure.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Mesenteric, carotid, cerebral, coronary and renal arteries. (also in mouse, human, pig, dog)
References:  6-7,13-14,41,56
Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression Click here for help
Transgenic mice overexpressing KCa2.3 have greater bladder capcitance and urge incontinence. Treatment with NS309 increases bladder capacity and micturition volume in rats.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Bladder
Technique:  Transgenic rats
References:  22,42,64
Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models Click here for help Mouse data from MGI

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Allele Composition & genetic background Accession Phenotype Id Phenotype Reference
Kcnn3tm1Jpad Kcnn3tm1Jpad/Kcnn3tm1Jpad
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:2153183  MP:0005572 abnormal breathing frequency PMID: 10988076 
Kcnn3tm1Jpad Kcnn3tm1Jpad/Kcnn3tm1Jpad
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:2153183  MP:0002907 abnormal parturition PMID: 10988076 
Kcnn3tm1Jpad Kcnn3tm1Jpad/Kcnn3tm1Jpad
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:2153183  MP:0001957 apnea PMID: 10988076 
Kcnn3tm1Jpad Kcnn3tm1Jpad/Kcnn3tm1Jpad
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:2153183  MP:0008028 pregnancy-related premature death PMID: 10988076 
Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology Click here for help
Disease:  Atrial Fibrillation
Comments:  Common variants in KCNN3 are associated with lone atrial fibrillation.
Significant association of SNP rs2106261 in the ZFHX3 gene with atrial fibrillation in a Chinese Han GeneID population.
Significant association of rs13376333 in KCNN3 on chromosome 1q21 with atrial fibrillation in a Taiwanese population.
Regulation of the SK3 channel by microRNA-499--potential role in atrial fibrillation.
Next-generation sequencing of nine atrial fibrillation candidate genes identified novel de novo mutations in patients with extreme trait of atrial fibrillation
KCNN3 SNP rs13376333 on Chromosome 1q21 Confers Increased Risk of Atrial Fibrillation.
References:  10,15,34-35,59,67
Disease:  Heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension
Orphanet: ORPHA275777
Role:  Doxicyclin-induced suppression of KCa2.3 expression in transgenic mice overexpressing KCa2.3 leads to an elevation in blood pressure. In mice KCa2.3 overexpression in the absence of KCa3.1 reduces blood pressure compared with double knockout of these two genes.
Therapeutic use:  KCa2.3 activators have been proposed for the treatment of hypertension.
Comments:  KCa2.3 mutation (V450L) associated with autosomal dominant idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension.
References:  6,56
Disease:  Major depressive disorder; MDD
Disease Ontology: DOID:1470
OMIM: 608516
Drugs:  Apamin has positive effects in a mouse model of depression.
Side effects:  High doses of apamin induce seizures and lead to Purkinje cell degeneration in the cerebellum.
Therapeutic use:  KCa2.3 blockers have been proposed for the treatment of depression.
References:  3,19,33
Disease:  Parkinson Disease
Synonyms: Parkinson's disease [Disease Ontology: DOID:14330]
Disease Ontology: DOID:14330
OMIM: 168600
Role:  Since KCa2.3 channels regulate the firing frequency of dopaminergic neurons, KCa2.3 blockers have been proposed for the treatment of Parkinson disease.
Drugs:  Apamin and N-methyl-laudanosine (experimentally)
Side effects:  High doses of apamin induce seizures and lead to Purkinje cell degeneration in the cerebellum.
Therapeutic use:  KCa2.3 blockers have been proposed for the treatment of Parkinson disease.
References:  3,38,60,64
Disease:  Schizophrenia
Disease Ontology: DOID:5419
OMIM: 181500
Orphanet: ORPHA3140
Comments:  The truncation has been found in one patient with schizophrenia. Expression of KCa2.3-1/285 causes dominant-negative suppression of KCa2.2 in Jurkat cells.
References:  5,37
Click column headers to sort
Type Species Amino acid change Nucleotide change Description Reference
Frameshift: Deletion Human L283fs287X 1137-1140delGTGA 5,37
Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology Comments
Longer polyglutamine repeats in KCa2.3 are associated with schizophrenia [8-9], anorexia nervosa [32] and spinocerebellar ataxia [18].
Gene Expression and Pathophysiology Click here for help
Increased expression in patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy.
Tissue or cell type:  Patient muscle samples.
Pathophysiology:  KCa2.3 is probably involved in hyperexcitability.
Species:  Human
Technique: 
References:  29
Reduced expression in in vascular endothelium during angiotensin-II-induced hypertension and in diabetes.
Tissue or cell type:  Rat and mouse vascular endothelium.
Pathophysiology:  Reduced KCa2.3 expression could contribute to functional alterations in endothelium in hypertension.
Species:  Rat
Technique: 
References:  23
Increased expression in skeletal muscle following denervation.
Tissue or cell type:  Flexor digitorum brevis muscle.
Pathophysiology:  KCa2.3 is probably involved in hyperexcitability.
Species:  Mouse
Technique: 
References:  39
KCa2.3 expression changes during cardiac remodelling
Tissue or cell type:  Mouse atria and human patients with AF
Pathophysiology:  Reduced KCa2.3 expression in diabetic mouse atria and human patients with Atrial Fibrillation; mice over-expressing KCa2.3 seem to be more prone to sudden cardiac death.
Species:  Human
Technique: 
References:  35-36,49,68
Biologically Significant Variants Click here for help
Type:  Splice variant
Species:  Human
Description:  Alternative splicing leads to the inclusion if an additional 15aa in the outer pore region. The channel, known as hSK3-ex4, is a functional channel whose message is expressed at 0-2% of hKCa2.3 levels. The channel is insensitive to apamin, scyllatoxin and tubocurarine.
Amino acids:  746
References:  62
Type:  Splice variant
Species:  Human
Description:  Isoform a
Amino acids:  731
Nucleotide accession:  NM_002249
Protein accession:  NP_002240
Type:  Splice variant
Species:  Human
Description:  Isoform b
Amino acids:  426
Nucleotide accession:  NM_170782
Protein accession:  NP_740752
Type:  Splice variant
Species:  Human
Description:  Alternative first exon usage produces two splice variant, SK3-1B and SK3-1C, that lack the N-terminus and SA. Both of these proteins can act as dominant-negative suppressors of the entire KCa2 sub-family, trapping channels intracellularly. The SK3-1B transgenic mouse exhibits ataxia due to suppression of KCa2 channels in depp cerebellar neurons. SK3-1B mRNA is present in brain at 20-60% of kKCa2.3 levels. These two variant proteins are suggested to regulate neuronal excitability through dominant-negative suppression of "normal" hKCa2.3.
References:  31,47,58

References

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1. Armstrong WE, Rubrum A, Teruyama R, Bond CT, Adelman JP. (2005) Immunocytochemical localization of small-conductance, calcium-dependent potassium channels in astrocytes of the rat supraoptic nucleus. J Comp Neurol, 491 (3): 175-85. [PMID:16134141]

2. Barfod ET, Moore AL, Lidofsky SD. (2001) Cloning and functional expression of a liver isoform of the small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel SK3. Am J Physiol, Cell Physiol, 280 (4): C836-42. [PMID:11245600]

3. Blank T, Nijholt I, Kye MJ, Spiess J. (2004) Small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels as targets of CNS drug development. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord, 3 (3): 161-7. [PMID:15180477]

4. Bond CT, Sprengel R, Bissonnette JM, Kaufmann WA, Pribnow D, Neelands T, Storck T, Baetscher M, Jerecic J, Maylie J et al.. (2000) Respiration and parturition affected by conditional overexpression of the Ca2+-activated K+ channel subunit, SK3. Science, 289 (5486): 1942-6. [PMID:10988076]

5. Bowen T, Williams N, Norton N, Spurlock G, Wittekindt OH, Morris-Rosendahl DJ, Williams H, Brzustowicz L, Hoogendoorn B, Zammit S et al.. (2001) Mutation screening of the KCNN3 gene reveals a rare frameshift mutation. Mol Psychiatry, 6 (3): 259-60. [PMID:11326292]

6. Brähler S, Kaistha A, Schmidt VJ, Wölfle SE, Busch C, Kaistha BP, Kacik M, Hasenau AL, Grgic I, Si H et al.. (2009) Genetic deficit of SK3 and IK1 channels disrupts the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor vasodilator pathway and causes hypertension. Circulation, 119 (17): 2323-32. [PMID:19380617]

7. Burnham MP, Bychkov R, Félétou M, Richards GR, Vanhoutte PM, Weston AH, Edwards G. (2002) Characterization of an apamin-sensitive small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel in porcine coronary artery endothelium: relevance to EDHF. Br J Pharmacol, 135 (5): 1133-43. [PMID:11877319]

8. Cardno AG, Bowen T, Guy CA, Jones LA, McCarthy G, Williams NM, Murphy KC, Spurlock G, Gray M, Sanders RD et al.. (1999) CAG repeat length in the hKCa3 gene and symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry, 45 (12): 1592-6. [PMID:10376120]

9. Chandy KG, Fantino E, Wittekindt O, Kalman K, Tong LL, Ho TH, Gutman GA, Crocq MA, Ganguli R, Nimgaonkar V et al.. (1998) Isolation of a novel potassium channel gene hSKCa3 containing a polymorphic CAG repeat: a candidate for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder?. Mol Psychiatry, 3 (1): 32-7. [PMID:9491810]

10. Chang SH, Chang SN, Hwang JJ, Chiang FT, Tseng CD, Lee JK, Lai LP, Lin JL, Wu CK, Tsai CT. (2012) Significant association of rs13376333 in KCNN3 on chromosome 1q21 with atrial fibrillation in a Taiwanese population. Circ J, 76 (1): 184-8. [PMID:22019810]

11. Chen MX, Gorman SA, Benson B, Singh K, Hieble JP, Michel MC, Tate SN, Trezise DJ. (2004) Small and intermediate conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels confer distinctive patterns of distribution in human tissues and differential cellular localisation in the colon and corpus cavernosum. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 369 (6): 602-15. [PMID:15127180]

12. Christophersen P, Wulff H. (2015) Pharmacological gating modulation of small- and intermediate-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (KCa2.x and KCa3.1). Channels (Austin), 9 (6): 336-43. [PMID:26217968]

13. Damkjaer M, Nielsen G, Bodendiek S, Staehr M, Gramsbergen JB, de Wit C, Jensen BL, Simonsen U, Bie P, Wulff H et al.. (2012) Pharmacological activation of KCa3.1/KCa2.3 channels produces endothelial hyperpolarization and lowers blood pressure in conscious dogs. Br J Pharmacol, 165 (1): 223-34. [PMID:21699504]

14. Eichler I, Wibawa J, Grgic I, Knorr A, Brakemeier S, Pries AR, Hoyer J, Köhler R. (2003) Selective blockade of endothelial Ca2+-activated small- and intermediate-conductance K+-channels suppresses EDHF-mediated vasodilation. Br J Pharmacol, 138 (4): 594-601. [PMID:12598413]

15. Ellinor PT, Lunetta KL, Glazer NL, Pfeufer A, Alonso A, Chung MK, Sinner MF, de Bakker PI, Mueller M, Lubitz SA et al.. (2010) Common variants in KCNN3 are associated with lone atrial fibrillation. Nat Genet, 42 (3): 240-4. [PMID:20173747]

16. Fanger CM, Rauer H, Neben AL, Miller MJ, Rauer H, Wulff H, Rosa JC, Ganellin CR, Chandy KG, Cahalan MD. (2001) Calcium-activated potassium channels sustain calcium signaling in T lymphocytes. Selective blockers and manipulated channel expression levels. J Biol Chem, 276 (15): 12249-56. [PMID:11278890]

17. Fay AJ, Qian X, Jan YN, Jan LY. (2006) SK channels mediate NADPH oxidase-independent reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis in granulocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103 (46): 17548-53. [PMID:17085590]

18. Figueroa KP, Chan P, Schöls L, Tanner C, Riess O, Perlman SL, Geschwind DH, Pulst SM. (2001) Association of moderate polyglutamine tract expansions in the slow calcium-activated potassium channel type 3 with ataxia. Arch Neurol, 58 (10): 1649-53. [PMID:11594924]

19. Galeotti N, Ghelardini C, Caldari B, Bartolini A. (1999) Effect of potassium channel modulators in mouse forced swimming test. Br J Pharmacol, 126 (7): 1653-9. [PMID:10323599]

20. Ghanshani S, Wulff H, Miller MJ, Rohm H, Neben A, Gutman GA, Cahalan MD, Chandy KG. (2000) Up-regulation of the IKCa1 potassium channel during T-cell activation. Molecular mechanism and functional consequences. J Biol Chem, 275 (47): 37137-49. [PMID:10961988]

21. Grunnet M, Jespersen T, Angelo K, Frøkjaer-Jensen C, Klaerke DA, Olesen SP, Jensen BS. (2001) Pharmacological modulation of SK3 channels. Neuropharmacology, 40 (7): 879-87. [PMID:11378158]

22. Herrera GM, Pozo MJ, Zvara P, Petkov GV, Bond CT, Adelman JP, Nelson MT. (2003) Urinary bladder instability induced by selective suppression of the murine small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK3) channel. J Physiol (Lond.), 551 (Pt 3): 893-903. [PMID:12813145]

23. Hilgers RH, Webb RC. (2007) Reduced expression of SKCa and IKCa channel proteins in rat small mesenteric arteries during angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 292 (5): H2275-84. [PMID:17209000]

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