Top ▲

COX-2

Click here for help

Immunopharmacology Ligand  Target has curated data in GtoImmuPdb

Target id: 1376

Nomenclature: COX-2

Family: Cyclooxygenase

Contents:

Gene and Protein Information Click here for help
Species TM AA Chromosomal Location Gene Symbol Gene Name Reference
Human - 604 1q31.1 PTGS2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2
Mouse - 604 1 63.84 cM Ptgs2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2
Rat - 604 13q21 Ptgs2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2
Previous and Unofficial Names Click here for help
PTGS2 | COX2 | cyclooxygenase 2 | PGH synthase 2 | PGHS-2 | prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 | prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
Database Links Click here for help
Alphafold P35354 (Hs), Q05769 (Mm), P35355 (Rn)
BRENDA 1.14.99.1
CATH/Gene3D 1.10.640.10
ChEMBL Target CHEMBL230 (Hs), CHEMBL4321 (Mm), CHEMBL2977 (Rn)
DrugBank Target P35354 (Hs)
Ensembl Gene ENSG00000073756 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000032487 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000002525 (Rn)
Entrez Gene 5743 (Hs), 19225 (Mm), 29527 (Rn)
Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000073756 (Hs)
KEGG Enzyme 1.14.99.1
KEGG Gene hsa:5743 (Hs), mmu:19225 (Mm), rno:29527 (Rn)
OMIM 600262 (Hs)
Pharos P35354 (Hs)
SynPHARM 79412 (in complex with meclofenamic acid)
79499 (in complex with mefenamic acid)
UniProtKB P35354 (Hs), Q05769 (Mm), P35355 (Rn)
Wikipedia PTGS2 (Hs)
Selected 3D Structures Click here for help
Image of receptor 3D structure from RCSB PDB
Description:  Crystal structure of arachidonic acid bound to the cyclooxygenase active site of COX2.
PDB Id:  1CVU
Ligand:  arachidonic acid
Resolution:  2.4Å
Species:  Mouse
References:  23
Image of receptor 3D structure from RCSB PDB
Description:  Crystal structure of murine cycloxygenase in complex with a harmaline analog, 4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole
PDB Id:  6V3R
Ligand:  compound 3 [Uddin et al., 2020]
Resolution:  2.66Å
Species:  Mouse
References:  37
Enzyme Reaction Click here for help
EC Number: 1.14.99.1 Hydrogen donor + arachidonic acid + 2O2 = hydrogen acceptor + H2O + PGH2
Description Reaction Reference
Arachidonic acid => PGG2 => PGH2
This enzyme is also associated with the following reaction: Docosahexaenoic acid => PGH3

Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file go icon to follow link

Inhibitors
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
lumiracoxib Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 6.5 pKi 6
⤷ pKi 6.5 (Ki 3.2x10-7 M) [6]
paracetamol Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Inhibition 4.6 pKi 15
⤷ pKi 4.6 (Ki 2.58x10-5 M) [15]
NS-398 Small molecule or natural product Primary target of this compound Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 8.7 pIC50 18
⤷ pIC50 8.7 (IC50 1.9x10-9 M) [18]
Description: Measuring inhibition of PGE2 production in human IL-1-stimulated synovial cells
GW406381 Small molecule or natural product Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 8.5 pIC50 4
⤷ pIC50 8.5 (IC50 3x10-9 M) [4]
benzquinamide Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Inhibition 8.3 pIC50 2
⤷ pIC50 8.3 (IC50 4.8x10-9 M) [2]
valdecoxib Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 8.3 pIC50 36
⤷ pIC50 8.3 (IC50 5x10-9 M) [36]
SC-236 Small molecule or natural product Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Inhibition 8.0 – 8.3 pIC50 11,30
⤷ pIC50 8.0 – 8.3 (IC50 1x10-8 – 5x10-9 M) [11,30]
flurbiprofen Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 8.0 pIC50 3
⤷ pIC50 8.0 (IC50 1x10-8 M) [3]
(S)-ARN2508 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 7.9 pIC50 28
⤷ pIC50 7.9 (IC50 1.2x10-8 M) [28]
diclofenac Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 7.7 pIC50 7
⤷ pIC50 7.7 (IC50 2x10-8 M) [7]
celecoxib Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 6.5 – 8.7 pIC50 5,20
⤷ pIC50 8.7 (IC50 2x10-9 M) [5]
pIC50 6.5 (IC50 3x10-7 M) [20]
meclofenamic acid Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 7.4 pIC50 19
⤷ pIC50 7.4 (IC50 4x10-8 M) [19]
SC-58125 Small molecule or natural product Hs Inhibition 7.4 pIC50 11
⤷ pIC50 7.4 [11]
peptide 30 [PMID: 27019010] Peptide Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 7.2 pIC50 33
⤷ pIC50 7.2 (IC50 6x10-8 M) [33]
carprofen Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 7.0 pIC50 14
⤷ pIC50 7.0 (IC50 1.02x10-7 M) [14]
Description: Inhibition of COX-2-induced conversion of arachadonic acid to 12-HHT.
compound 3 [Uddin et al., 2020] Small molecule or natural product Ligand has a PDB structure Mm Inhibition 6.7 pIC50 37
⤷ pIC50 6.7 (IC50 2x10-7 M) [37]
Description: Biochemical assay measuring inhibiton of purified murine COX-2.
compound 12a [PMID: 29031075] Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 6.6 pIC50 20
⤷ pIC50 6.6 (IC50 2.3x10-7 M) [20]
HR1405-01 Small molecule or natural product Hs Inhibition 6.5 pIC50 32
⤷ pIC50 6.5 (IC50 3x10-7 M) [32]
compound 9 [Kumar et al., 2019] Small molecule or natural product Primary target of this compound Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 6.4 pIC50 26
⤷ pIC50 6.4 (IC50 3.67x10-7 M) [26]
Description: Inhibition of recombinant hCOX2 in vitro.
SWE101 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Inhibition 6.4 pIC50 25
⤷ pIC50 6.4 (IC50 4.2x10-7 M) [25]
meloxicam Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 6.3 pIC50 27
⤷ pIC50 6.3 (IC50 4.9x10-7 M) [27]
rofecoxib Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 6.1 – 6.5 pIC50 39
⤷ pIC50 6.1 – 6.5 [39]
nimesulide Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 6.2 pIC50 29
⤷ pIC50 6.2 (IC50 6x10-7 M) [29]
ketoprofen Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 6.2 pIC50 8
⤷ pIC50 6.2 (IC50 6.9x10-7 M) [8]
Description: Inhibition of COX2 in human whole blood.
resveratrol Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 6.1 pIC50 16
⤷ pIC50 6.1 (IC50 7.5x10-7 M) [16]
compound 10 [PMID: 34279934] Small molecule or natural product Hs Inhibition 6.1 pIC50 41
⤷ pIC50 6.1 (IC50 8.4x10-7 M) [41]
Description: Inhibition of COX-2 activity in a biochemical assay
esflurbiprofen Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 6.0 pIC50 9
⤷ pIC50 6.0 (IC50 9.1x10-7 M) [9]
Description: Inhibition of COX-2 in human blood.
etoricoxib Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 6.0 pIC50 31
⤷ pIC50 6.0 (IC50 1.1x10-6 M) [31]
ibuprofen Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 5.9 pIC50 38
⤷ pIC50 5.9 (IC50 1.35x10-6 M) [38]
aspirin Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 5.6 pIC50 35
⤷ pIC50 5.6 (IC50 2.4x10-6 M) [35]
naproxen Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 5.6 pIC50 24
⤷ pIC50 5.6 (IC50 2.5x10-6 M) [24]
indomethacin Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 5.6 pIC50 20
⤷ pIC50 5.6 (IC50 2.63x10-6 M) [20]
ketorolac Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 4.2 – 6.9 pIC50 38
⤷ pIC50 6.9 (IC50 1.2x10-7 M) [38]
Description: Inhibition of human COX2 measured after pre-incubation of enzyme with compound.
pIC50 4.2 (IC50 6.05x10-5 M) [38]
Description: Instantaneous inhibition of human COX2 by compound (no pre-incubation).
suprofen Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 5.6 pIC50 8
⤷ pIC50 5.6 (IC50 2.75x10-6 M) [8]
mefenamic acid Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 5.5 pIC50 12
⤷ pIC50 5.5 (IC50 2.9x10-6 M) [12]
FK-881 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Inhibition 5.5 pIC50 17
⤷ pIC50 5.5 (IC50 3.2x10-6 M) [17]
sulindac Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 5.5 pIC50 42
⤷ pIC50 5.5 (IC50 3.4x10-6 M) [42]
SC-560 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Inhibition 5.2 pIC50 34
⤷ pIC50 5.2 (IC50 6.3x10-6 M) [34]
(R)-ARN2508 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 4.6 pIC50 28
⤷ pIC50 4.6 (IC50 2.28x10-5 M) [28]
oxaprozin Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 4.4 pIC50 22
⤷ pIC50 4.4 (IC50 3.6x10-5 M) [22]
etodolac Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 4.3 pIC50 21
⤷ pIC50 4.3 (IC50 5.3x10-5 M) [21]
Description: Measured as LPS-induced PGE2 production in COX-1-inhibited human monocytes.
piroxicam Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 3.7 pIC50 40
⤷ pIC50 3.7 (IC50 2.18x10-4 M) [40]
phenylbutazone Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition 3.5 pIC50 40
⤷ pIC50 3.5 (IC50 2.84x10-4 M) [40]
naproxcinod Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition - - 10
⤷ [10]
View species-specific inhibitor tables
Inhibitor Comments
Carprofen is a COX-2 selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor, at least when comparing human COX-2 vs. ovine COX-1 in the same assay [13-14].
The data for etodolac in the table above is from Kato et al. (2001) [21]. In the same study etodolac's IC50 for COX-1 was reported to be >100 μM.
Piroxicam inhibits both cyclooxygenase isozymes [27], with maximum inhibition of PGE2 synthesis of approximately 60% for COX-2 and 35% for COX-1. Ketorolac is also a non-selective COX inhibitor.
Immunopharmacology Comments
The cyclooxygenase enzymes are included in GtoImmuPdb as they are involved in the production of inflammatory mediators, and are long-standing anti-inflammatory drug targets. The role of COX-2 in immuno-oncology is reviewed in [1].
Immuno Process Associations
Immuno Process:  Inflammation
Immuno Process:  Immune regulation
Immuno Process:  Cytokine production & signalling

References

Show »

1. Adams JL, Smothers J, Srinivasan R, Hoos A. (2015) Big opportunities for small molecules in immuno-oncology. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 14 (9): 603-22. [PMID:26228631]

2. Auerbach SS, DrugMatrix® and ToxFX® Coordinator National Toxicology Program. National Toxicology Program: Dept of Health and Human Services. Accessed on 02/05/2014. Modified on 02/05/2014. DrugMatrix, https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/drugmatrix/index.html

3. Bayly CI, Black WC, Léger S, Ouimet N, Ouellet M, Percival MD. (1999) Structure-based design of COX-2 selectivity into flurbiprofen. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 9 (3): 307-12. [PMID:10091674]

4. Beswick P, Bingham S, Bountra C, Brown T, Browning K, Campbell I, Chessell I, Clayton N, Collins S, Corfield J et al.. (2004) Identification of 2,3-diaryl-pyrazolo[1,5-b]pyridazines as potent and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 14 (21): 5445-8. [PMID:15454242]

5. Black WC, Brideau C, Chan CC, Charleson S, Cromlish W, Gordon R, Grimm EL, Hughes G, Leger S, Li CS et al.. (2003) 3,4-Diaryl-5-hydroxyfuranones: highly selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 with aqueous solubility. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 13 (6): 1195-8. [PMID:12643942]

6. Blobaum AL, Marnett LJ. (2007) Molecular determinants for the selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by lumiracoxib. J Biol Chem, 282 (22): 16379-90. [PMID:17434872]

7. Blobaum AL, Marnett LJ. (2007) Structural and functional basis of cyclooxygenase inhibition. J Med Chem, 50 (7): 1425-41. [PMID:17341061]

8. Bézière N, Goossens L, Pommery J, Vezin H, Touati N, Hénichart JP, Pommery N. (2008) New NSAIDs-NO hybrid molecules with antiproliferative properties on human prostatic cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 18 (16): 4655-7. [PMID:18667313]

9. Geisslinger G, Schaible HG. (1996) New insights into the site and mode of antinociceptive action of flurbiprofen enantiomers. J Clin Pharmacol, 36 (6): 513-20. [PMID:8809636]

10. Geusens P. (2009) Naproxcinod, a new cyclooxygenase-inhibiting nitric oxide donator (CINOD). Expert Opin Biol Ther, 9 (5): 649-57. [PMID:19392579]

11. Gierse JK, McDonald JJ, Hauser SD, Rangwala SH, Koboldt CM, Seibert K. (1996) A single amino acid difference between cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) reverses the selectivity of COX-2 specific inhibitors. J Biol Chem, 271 (26): 15810-4. [PMID:8663121]

12. Heinrich DM, Flanagan JU, Jamieson SM, Silva S, Rigoreau LJ, Trivier E, Raynham T, Turnbull AP, Denny WA. (2013) Synthesis and structure-activity relationships for 1-(4-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl)phenyl)pyrrolidin-2-ones as novel non-carboxylate inhibitors of the aldo-keto reductase enzyme AKR1C3. Eur J Med Chem, 62: 738-44. [PMID:23454516]

13. Hieke M, Ness J, Steri R, Dittrich M, Greiner C, Werz O, Baumann K, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Weggen S, Zettl H. (2010) Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel class of gamma-secretase modulators with PPARgamma activity. J Med Chem, 53 (12): 4691-700. [PMID:20503989]

14. Hieke M, Ness J, Steri R, Greiner C, Werz O, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Weggen S, Zettl H. (2011) SAR studies of acidic dual γ-secretase/PPARγ modulators. Bioorg Med Chem, 19 (18): 5372-82. [PMID:21873070]

15. Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K. (2008) Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man. FASEB J, 22 (2): 383-90. [PMID:17884974]

16. Hoshino J, Park EJ, Kondratyuk TP, Marler L, Pezzuto JM, van Breemen RB, Mo S, Li Y, Cushman M. (2010) Selective synthesis and biological evaluation of sulfate-conjugated resveratrol metabolites. J Med Chem, 53 (13): 5033-43. [PMID:20527891]

17. Imanishi J, Morita Y, Yoshimi E, Kuroda K, Masunaga T, Yamagami K, Kuno M, Hamachi E, Aoki S, Takahashi F et al.. (2011) Pharmacological profile of FK881(ASP6537), a novel potent and selective cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor. Biochem Pharmacol, 82 (7): 746-54. [PMID:21745460]

18. Inagaki M, Tsuri T, Jyoyama H, Ono T, Yamada K, Kobayashi M, Hori Y, Arimura A, Yasui K, Ohno K et al.. (2000) Novel antiarthritic agents with 1,2-isothiazolidine-1,1-dioxide (gamma-sultam) skeleton: cytokine suppressive dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase. J Med Chem, 43 (10): 2040-8. [PMID:10821716]

19. Kalgutkar AS, Rowlinson SW, Crews BC, Marnett LJ. (2002) Amide derivatives of meclofenamic acid as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 12 (4): 521-4. [PMID:11844663]

20. Kassab SE, Khedr MA, Ali HI, Abdalla MM. (2017) Discovery of new indomethacin-based analogs with potentially selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and observed diminishing to PGE2 activities. Eur J Med Chem, 141: 306-321. [PMID:29031075]

21. Kato M, Nishida S, Kitasato H, Sakata N, Kawai S. (2001) Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: investigation using human peripheral monocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol, 53 (12): 1679-85. [PMID:11804398]

22. Kawai S, Nishida S, Kato M, Furumaya Y, Okamoto R, Koshino T, Mizushima Y. (1998) Comparison of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 inhibitory activities of various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using human platelets and synovial cells. Eur J Pharmacol, 347 (1): 87-94. [PMID:9650852]

23. Kiefer JR, Pawlitz JL, Moreland KT, Stegeman RA, Hood WF, Gierse JK, Stevens AM, Goodwin DC, Rowlinson SW, Marnett LJ et al.. (2000) Structural insights into the stereochemistry of the cyclooxygenase reaction. Nature, 405 (6782): 97-101. [PMID:10811226]

24. Kolasa T, Brooks CD, Rodriques KE, Summers JB, Dellaria JF, Hulkower KI, Bouska J, Bell RL, Carter GW. (1997) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as scaffolds for the design of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. J Med Chem, 40 (5): 819-24. [PMID:9057869]

25. Kramer JS, Woltersdorf S, Duflot T, Hiesinger K, Lillich FF, Knöll F, Wittmann SK, Klingler FM, Brunst S, Chaikuad A et al.. (2019) Discovery of the First in Vivo Active Inhibitors of the Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Phosphatase Domain. J Med Chem, 62 (18): 8443-8460. [PMID:31436984]

26. Kumar R, Saha N, Purohit P, Garg SK, Seth K, Meena VS, Dubey S, Dave K, Goyal R, Sharma SS et al.. (2019) Cyclic enaminone as new chemotype for selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. Eur J Med Chem, 182: 111601. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111601 [PMID:31445233]

27. Lazer ES, Miao CK, Cywin CL, Sorcek R, Wong HC, Meng Z, Potocki I, Hoermann M, Snow RJ, Tschantz MA et al.. (1997) Effect of structural modification of enol-carboxamide-type nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on COX-2/COX-1 selectivity. J Med Chem, 40 (6): 980-9. [PMID:9083488]

28. Migliore M, Habrant D, Sasso O, Albani C, Bertozzi SM, Armirotti A, Piomelli D, Scarpelli R. (2016) Potent multitarget FAAH-COX inhibitors: Design and structure-activity relationship studies. Eur J Med Chem, 109: 216-37. [PMID:26774927]

29. Ottanà R, Carotti S, Maccari R, Landini I, Chiricosta G, Caciagli B, Vigorita MG, Mini E. (2005) In vitro antiproliferative activity against human colon cancer cell lines of representative 4-thiazolidinones. Part I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 15 (17): 3930-3. [PMID:15993594]

30. Penning TD, Talley JJ, Bertenshaw SR, Carter JS, Collins PW, Docter S, Graneto MJ, Lee LF, Malecha JW, Miyashiro JM et al.. (1997) Synthesis and biological evaluation of the 1,5-diarylpyrazole class of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: identification of 4-[5-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benze nesulfonamide (SC-58635, celecoxib). J Med Chem, 40 (9): 1347-65. [PMID:9135032]

31. Riendeau D, Percival MD, Brideau C, Charleson S, Dubé D, Ethier D, Falgueyret JP, Friesen RW, Gordon R, Greig G et al.. (2001) Etoricoxib (MK-0663): preclinical profile and comparison with other agents that selectively inhibit cyclooxygenase-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 296 (2): 558-66. [PMID:11160644]

32. Riendeau D, Salem M, Styhler A, Ouellet M, Mancini JA, Li CS. (2004) Evaluation of loxoprofen and its alcohol metabolites for potency and selectivity of inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 14 (5): 1201-3. [PMID:14980665]

33. Singh P, Kaur S, Kaur J, Singh G, Bhatti R. (2016) Rational Design of Small Peptides for Optimal Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2: Development of a Highly Effective Anti-Inflammatory Agent. J Med Chem, 59 (8): 3920-34. [PMID:27019010]

34. Smith CJ, Zhang Y, Koboldt CM, Muhammad J, Zweifel BS, Shaffer A, Talley JJ, Masferrer JL, Seibert K, Isakson PC. (1998) Pharmacological analysis of cyclooxygenase-1 in inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95 (22): 13313-8. [PMID:9789085]

35. Takahashi T, Miyazawa M. (2012) N-Caffeoyl serotonin as selective COX-2 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 22 (7): 2494-6. [PMID:22386242]

36. Talley JJ, Brown DL, Carter JS, Graneto MJ, Koboldt CM, Masferrer JL, Perkins WE, Rogers RS, Shaffer AF, Zhang YY et al.. (2000) 4-[5-Methyl-3-phenylisoxazol-4-yl]- benzenesulfonamide, valdecoxib: a potent and selective inhibitor of COX-2. J Med Chem, 43 (5): 775-7. [PMID:10715145]

37. Uddin MJ, Xu S, Crews BC, Ghebreselasie K, Banerjee S, Marnett LJ. (2020) Harmaline Analogs as Substrate-Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett, ARTICLES ASAP. DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00555

38. Viegas A, Manso J, Corvo MC, Marques MM, Cabrita EJ. (2011) Binding of ibuprofen, ketorolac, and diclofenac to COX-1 and COX-2 studied by saturation transfer difference NMR. J Med Chem, 54 (24): 8555-62. [PMID:22091869]

39. Warner TD, Giuliano F, Vojnovic I, Bukasa A, Mitchell JA, Vane JR. (1999) Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: a full in vitro analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96 (13): 7563-8. [PMID:10377455]

40. Wilkerson WW, Copeland RA, Covington M, Trzaskos JM. (1995) Antiinflammatory 4,5-diarylpyrroles. 2. Activity as a function of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition. J Med Chem, 38 (20): 3895-901. [PMID:7562922]

41. Zhang Z, Ghosh A, Connolly PJ, King P, Wilde T, Wang J, Dong Y, Li X, Liao D, Chen H et al.. (2021) Gut-Restricted Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Inhibitors for Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer. J Med Chem, 64 (15): 11570-11596. [PMID:34279934]

42. Zhou H, Liu W, Su Y, Wei Z, Liu J, Kolluri SK, Wu H, Cao Y, Chen J, Wu Y et al.. (2010) NSAID sulindac and its analog bind RXRalpha and inhibit RXRalpha-dependent AKT signaling. Cancer Cell, 17 (6): 560-73. [PMID:20541701]

Contributors

Show »

How to cite this page