tobramycin   Click here for help

GtoPdb Ligand ID: 10930

Synonyms: Bethkis® | Kitabis® | Tobi Podhaler® | Tobradex® (tobramycin + dexamethasone) | Vantobra®
Approved drug PDB Ligand
tobramycin is an approved drug (FDA (1975), EMA (2011))
Compound class: Natural product
Comment: Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibacterial that was originally isolated from Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is particularly effective against Gram-negative infections (especially Pseudomonas spp. infections). Like other aminoglycosides it is ototoxic and nephrotoxic.
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Ligand Activity Visualisation Charts

These are box plot that provide a unique visualisation, summarising all the activity data for a ligand taken from ChEMBL and GtoPdb across multiple targets and species. Click on a plot to see the median, interquartile range, low and high data points. A value of zero indicates that no data are available. A separate chart is created for each target, and where possible the algorithm tries to merge ChEMBL and GtoPdb targets by matching them on name and UniProt accession, for each available species. However, please note that inconsistency in naming of targets may lead to data for the same target being reported across multiple charts.

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View interactive charts of activity data across species
2D Structure
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2D Structure

An image of the ligand's 2D structure. For small molecules with SMILES these are drawn using the NCI/CADD Chemical Identifier Resolver. Click on the image to access the chemical structure search tool with the ligand pre-loaded in the structure editor. For other types of ligands, e.g. longer nucleotides and peptides, a manually drawn representation of the molecule may be provided.

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Click here for structure editor
Physico-chemical Properties
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Physico-chemical Properties

Calculated molecular properties are available for small molecules and natural products (not peptides). Properties were generated using the Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) (Willighagen EL et al. Journal of Cheminformatics vol. 9:33. 2017, doi:10.1186/s13321-017-0220-4; https://cdk.github.io/). All properties were selected to enable the prediction of the Lipinski Rule-of-Five profile or ‘druglikeness’ for each ligand. For more info on each category see the help pages.

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Hydrogen bond acceptors 14
Hydrogen bond donors 10
Rotatable bonds 6
Topological polar surface area 268.17
Molecular weight 467.26
XLogP -5.38
No. Lipinski's rules broken 2

Generated using the Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) (Willighagen EL et al. Journal of Cheminformatics vol. 9:33. 2017, doi:10.1186/s13321-017-0220-4; https://cdk.github.io/)
SMILES / InChI / InChIKey
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SMILES / InChI / InChIKey

SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification) A specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. Canonical SMILES specify a unique representation of the 2D structure without chiral or isotopic specifications. Isomeric SMILES include chiral specification and isotopes.

Standard InChI (IUPAC International Chemical Identifier) and InChIKey InChI is a non-proprietary, standard, textual identifier for chemical substances designed to facilitate linking of information and database searching. An InChIKey is a simplified version of a full InChI, designed for easier web searching.

Generated using the Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) (Willighagen EL et al. Journal of Cheminformatics vol. 9:33. 2017, doi:10.1186/s13321-017-0220-4; https://cdk.github.io/)

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Canonical SMILES NC[C@H]1O[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H](N)C[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]2O)O[C@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]2O)N)O)N)[C@@H](C[C@@H]1O)N
Isomeric SMILES NC[C@H]1O[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H](N)C[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]2O)O[C@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]2O)N)O)N)[C@@H](C[C@@H]1O)N
InChI InChI=1S/C18H37N5O9/c19-3-9-8(25)2-7(22)17(29-9)31-15-5(20)1-6(21)16(14(15)28)32-18-13(27)11(23)12(26)10(4-24)30-18/h5-18,24-28H,1-4,19-23H2/t5-,6+,7+,8-,9+,10+,11-,12+,13+,14-,15+,16-,17+,18+/m0/s1
InChI Key NLVFBUXFDBBNBW-PBSUHMDJSA-N

Generated using the Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) (Willighagen EL et al. Journal of Cheminformatics vol. 9:33. 2017, doi:10.1186/s13321-017-0220-4; https://cdk.github.io/)
No information available.
Summary of Clinical Use Click here for help
EMA approvals are for inhalation formulations of tobramycin to suppress chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients. For systemic use it must be delivered i.v. or i.m., and can be applied topically for bacterial conjunctivitis. Patients receiving tobramycin should be monitored closely for the possible nephrotoxic effects of the drug.
Mechanism Of Action and Pharmacodynamic Effects Click here for help
Tobramycin binds irreversibly to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting the initiation of protein synthesis that is responsible for the bactericidal effect in susceptible bacteria. The compound also causes mRNA misreading, resulting in the incorrect insertion of amino acids and leading to nonfunctional or toxic peptides.
Pharmacokinetics Click here for help
Biotransformation/Metabolism
Tobramycin is not metabolised.
Elimination
The primary route of elimination is in the urine by glomerular filtration of the unchanged compound.
Population pharmacokinetics
Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs most frequently in patients with preexisting renal impairment or those with normal renal function who receive high dosage, prolonged treatment or in combination with other nephrotoxic drugs.
Organ function impairment
In the kidney, tobramycin accumulates in cortical tubular cells, resulting in tubular damage. This can lead to cytotoxicity and acute tubular necrosis but also to impaired proximal tubule reabsorption and electrolyte imbalance [3-4]. Decreased renal blood flow and decreased glomerular filtration may also be observed [3,5].
External links Click here for help
For extended ADME data see the following:

Electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC)
Drugs.com
European Medicines Agency (EMA)