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Cav3.1

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Immunopharmacology Ligand  Target has curated data in GtoImmuPdb

Target id: 535

Nomenclature: Cav3.1

Family: Voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV)

Contents:

Gene and Protein Information Click here for help
Species TM P Loops AA Chromosomal Location Gene Symbol Gene Name Reference
Human 24 1 2377 17q21.33 CACNA1G calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 G 30
Mouse 24 1 2295 11 D Cacna1g calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1G subunit 22
Rat 24 1 2254 10q26 Cacna1g calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 G 33
Previous and Unofficial Names Click here for help
NBR13 | alpha-1G | calcium channel
Database Links Click here for help
Alphafold O43497 (Hs), O54898 (Rn)
ChEMBL Target CHEMBL4641 (Hs), CHEMBL4257 (Rn)
DrugBank Target O43497 (Hs)
Ensembl Gene ENSG00000006283 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000020866 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000060528 (Rn)
Entrez Gene 8913 (Hs), 12291 (Mm), 29717 (Rn)
Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000006283 (Hs)
KEGG Gene hsa:8913 (Hs), mmu:12291 (Mm), rno:29717 (Rn)
OMIM 604065 (Hs)
Pharos O43497 (Hs)
RefSeq Nucleotide NM_198379 (Hs), NM_198387 (Hs), NM_198376 (Hs), NM_198378 (Hs), NM_009783 (Mm), NM_031601 (Rn)
RefSeq Protein NP_938190 (Hs), NP_061496 (Hs), NP_938193 (Hs), NP_938201 (Hs), NP_938192 (Hs), NP_033913 (Mm), NP_113789 (Rn)
UniProtKB O43497 (Hs), O54898 (Rn)
Wikipedia CACNA1G (Hs)
Selected 3D Structures Click here for help
Image of receptor 3D structure from RCSB PDB
Description:  Cryo-EM structures of antagonist-bound human Cav3.1
PDB Id:  6KZP
Ligand:  Z944
Resolution:  3.1Å
Species:  Human
References:  48
Functional Characteristics Click here for help
T-type calcium current: Low voltage-activated, fast voltage-dependent inactivation
Ion Selectivity and Conductance Click here for help
Species:  Human
Rank order:  Sr2+ > Ca2+ > Ba2+ [7.3 pS]
References:  30
Species:  Rat
Rank order:  Ba2+ = Sr2+ = Ca2+
References:  36-38
Voltage Dependence Click here for help
  V0.5 (mV)  τ (msec)  Reference  Cell type  Species 
Activation  -63.0 2.0 – 8.0 7 Thalamocortical relay neuron. Rat
Inactivation  -83.5 20.0 – 50.0 7
Comments  Native currents were recorded in 3 mM CaCl2. The kinetics are voltage dependant with the higher values obtained at during test pulses to -60 mV, the lower to -10 mV.
  V0.5 (mV)  τ (msec)  Reference  Cell type  Species 
Activation  -56.0 – -46.0 (median: -50.0) 1.0 – 7.0 12 HEK 293 cells. Human
Inactivation  -78.0 – -62.0 (median: -68.0) 15.0 – 40.0 12
Comments  Recombinant, recorded in 2 mM CaCl2. The range of V0.5 values result from splice variation, while the range of kinetics reflects voltage dependence: the high values were recorded during test potentials to -50 mV, the low at -15 mV.
  V0.5 (mV)  τ (msec)  Reference  Cell type  Species 
Activation  -51.2 – -45.7 (median: -46.3) - 2 HEK 293 cells. Human
Inactivation  -80.6 – -65.0 (median: -71.1) 11.1 – 21.8 2
Comments  Recombinant, recorded in 2 mM CaCl2. The range of V0.5 values result from splice variation, while the kinetics reflect voltage dependence; the high values are recorded during test potentials to -40 mV; low to -10 mV.
  V0.5 (mV)  τ (msec)  Reference  Cell type  Species 
Activation  -45.2 1.1 – 8.2 17 HEK 293 cells. Human
Inactivation  -76.9 16.0 – 62.0 17
Comments  Recombinant, recorded in 5 mM CaCl2. The range of kinetics reflects voltage-dependence; the high values recorded during test potentials to -50 mV; the low at -10 mV.

Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file go icon to follow link

Gating inhibitors Click here for help
Key to terms and symbols Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Concentration range (M) Holding voltage (mV) Reference
kurtoxin Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Rn Antagonist 7.3 – 7.8 pIC50 - -90.0 6,39
⤷ pIC50 7.3 – 7.8 (IC50 5.01x10-8 – 1.58x10-8 M) [6,39]
Holding voltage: -90.0 mV
Gating Inhibitor Comments
Kurtoxin was selective for recombinant channels expressed in oocytes, but not for native T-currents in thalamocortical cells [6,39].
Channel Blockers
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Concentration range (M) Holding voltage (mV) Reference
suvecaltamide Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Inhibition 8.9 pIC50 - - 34
⤷ pIC50 8.9 (IC50 1.2x10-9 M) [34]
ACT-709478 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Inhibition 8.2 pIC50 - - 1
⤷ pIC50 8.2 (IC50 6.4x10-9 M) [1]
pimozide Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Rn Antagonist 7.5 pIC50 - -100.0 35
⤷ pIC50 7.5 [35]
Holding voltage: -100.0 mV
Z944 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Pore blocker 7.3 pIC50 - -80.0 42
⤷ pIC50 7.3 voltage-dependent [42]
Holding voltage: -80.0 mV
TTA-P2 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Rn Pore blocker 7.0 pIC50 - -90.0 5
⤷ pIC50 7.0 [5]
Holding voltage: -90.0 mV
TTA-A2 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Pore blocker 7.0 pIC50 - -75.0 13
⤷ pIC50 7.0 voltage-dependent [13]
Holding voltage: -75.0 mV
ML218 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Pore blocker 6.5 pIC50 - -90.0 45
⤷ pIC50 6.5 [45]
Holding voltage: -90.0 mV
mibefradil Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Antagonist 6.0 – 6.6 pIC50 - -110.0 – -100.0 27
⤷ pIC50 6.0 – 6.6 (IC50 1x10-6 – 2.7x10-7 M) [27]
Holding voltage: -110.0 – -100.0 mV
flunarizine Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 6.3 pIC50 - -100.0 35
⤷ pIC50 6.3 [35]
Holding voltage: -100.0 mV
(-)-(R)-efonidipine Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Rn Antagonist 5.0 – 7.0 pIC50 - -100.0 – -60.0 14
⤷ pIC50 5.0 – 7.0 [14]
Holding voltage: -100.0 – -60.0 mV
6-prenylnaringenin Small molecule or natural product Hs Antagonist 6.0 pIC50 - -90.0 11
⤷ pIC50 6.0 [11]
Holding voltage: -90.0 mV
anandamide Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand is endogenous in the given species Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Antagonist 5.4 pIC50 - -80.0 3
⤷ pIC50 5.4 [3]
Holding voltage: -80.0 mV
ABT-639 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Pore blocker 5.0 pIC50 - -110.0 19
⤷ pIC50 5.0 [19]
Holding voltage: -110.0 mV
Ni2+ Click here for species-specific activity table Rn Antagonist 3.6 – 3.8 pIC50 - -90.0 23
⤷ pIC50 3.6 – 3.8 (IC50 2.5x10-4 – 1.67x10-4 M) [23]
Holding voltage: -90.0 mV
View species-specific channel blocker tables
Channel Blocker Comments
Block by Ni2+ is voltage dependent [23]. ML218 was developed by NIH’s Molecular Libraries Production Center and is freely available without intellectual property restrictions [45]. Like many compounds listed, its potency on Cav3.1 has not been reported, but is expected to be similar to its block of Cav3.2 and Cav3.3. For reviews of all known blockers see references [15,18,28].
Immunopharmacology Comments
Low-voltage-activated Cav3.1 calcium channels are involved in shaping the autoimmune response elicited by T cells by modulating their cytokine production profile [44].
Cell Type Associations
Immuno Cell Type:  T cells
References:  44
Tissue Distribution Click here for help
Brain > ovary > placenta.
Cerebellum > thalamus > neocortex > substantia nigra > medulla > striatum.
Species:  Human
Technique:  Northern Blot
References:  30
Thalamus > cerebellum, cortical subplate > isocortex, hypothalamus, midbrain, hippocampus, olfactory > pallidum > medulla, striatum, pons
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  In situ hybridisation
References:  24
Sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular node (mouse and rat).
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  In situ hybridisation and electrophysiology
References:  26
Basal forebrain, thalamus, cerebellum, inferior olive nucleus > olfactory bulb, amygdale > hypothalamus, neocortex, hippocampus, medulla > spinal cord.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  In situ hybridisation
References:  40
Cerebellum > neocortex > thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus > medulla > striatum.
Soma and dendrites.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry
References:  10,29
Functional Assays Click here for help
Two-microelectrode voltage clamp.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Xenopus laevis oocytes transiently expressing recombinant Cav3.1.
Response measured:  Electrophysiological measurement of ICa.
References:  14
Patch-clamp (whole cell currents).
Species:  Human
Tissue:  HEK 293 cells stably expressing recombinant Cav3.1.
Response measured:  Electrophysiological measurement of ICa.
References:  16
Voltage-clamp techniques.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Brain (native thalamocortical neurons).
Response measured:  Electrophysiological measurement of ICa.
References:  8
Fluorometric imaging.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  HEK 293 cells stably expressing recombinant Cav3.1
Response measured:  Fluorescence after loading with dye such as Fluo-4.
References:  46
Physiological Functions Click here for help
Low threshold Ca2+ spike that mediates burst firing of neurons.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Thalamocortical neurons.
References:  20
Phase 4 depolarisation of sinoatrial nodal cells.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Heart
References:  25
Physiological Functions Comments
The above references are examples for each function. For further references see [32].
Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models Click here for help Mouse data from MGI

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Allele Composition & genetic background Accession Phenotype Id Phenotype Reference
Cacna1gtm1Hssh Cacna1gtm1Hssh/Cacna1gtm1Hssh
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6J		 MGI:1201678  MP:0005402 abnormal action potential PMID: 11498049 
Cacna1gtm1.1Stl Cacna1gtm1.1Stl/Cacna1gtm1.1Stl
involves: C57BL/6		 MGI:1201678  MP:0005402 abnormal action potential PMID: 15677322 
Cacna1gtm1Hssh Cacna1gtm1Hssh/Cacna1gtm1Hssh
involves: 129S4/SvJae		 MGI:1201678  MP:0006141 abnormal atrioventricular node conduction PMID: 16690884 
Cacna1gtm1Hssh Cacna1gtm1Hssh/Cacna1gtm1Hssh
involves: 129S4/SvJae		 MGI:1201678  MP:0001544 abnormal cardiovascular system physiology PMID: 16690884 
Cacna1gtm1Hssh Cacna1gtm1Hssh/Cacna1gtm1Hssh
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6J		 MGI:1201678  MP:0003633 abnormal nervous system physiology PMID: 11498049 
Cacna1gtm1.1Abp Cacna1gtm1.1Abp/Cacna1gtm1.1Abp
involves: C57BL/6		 MGI:1201678  MP:0003463 abnormal single cell response PMID: 19657020 
Cacna1gtm1Hssh Cacna1gtm1Hssh/Cacna1gtm1Hssh
involves: 129S4/SvJae		 MGI:1201678  MP:0006142 abnormal sinoatrial node conduction PMID: 16690884 
Cacna1gtm1.1Stl Cacna1gtm1.1Stl/Cacna1gtm1.1Stl
involves: C57BL/6		 MGI:1201678  MP:0001501 abnormal sleep pattern PMID: 15677322 
Cacna1gtm1Stl|Tg(Kcnc2-cre)K128Stl Cacna1gtm1Stl/Cacna1gtm1Stl,Tg(Kcnc2-cre)K128Stl/0
involves: C57BL/6		 MGI:1201678  MGI:3530534  MP:0001501 abnormal sleep pattern PMID: 15677322 
Cacna1gtm1Hssh Cacna1gtm1Hssh/Cacna1gtm1Hssh
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6J		 MGI:1201678  MP:0008840 abnormal spike wave discharge PMID: 11498049 
Cacna1gtm1Hssh Cacna1gtm1Hssh/Cacna1gtm1Hssh
involves: 129S4/SvJae		 MGI:1201678  MP:0005333 decreased heart rate PMID: 16690884 
Cacna1gtm1Hssh Cacna1gtm1Hssh/Cacna1gtm1Hssh
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6J		 MGI:1201678  MP:0002887 decreased susceptibility to pharmacologically induced seizures PMID: 11498049 
Cacna1gtm1Dgen Cacna1gtm1Dgen/Cacna1gtm1Dgen
involves: 129/Sv * C57BL/6		 MGI:1201678  MP:0001399 hyperactivity PMID: 19451696 
Cacna1gtm1.1Stl Cacna1gtm1.1Stl/Cacna1gtm1.1Stl
involves: C57BL/6		 MGI:1201678  MP:0001402 hypoactivity PMID: 15677322 
Cacna1gtm1.1Stl Cacna1gtm1.1Stl/Cacna1gtm1.1Stl
involves: C57BL/6		 MGI:1201678  MP:0002578 impaired ability to fire action potentials PMID: 15677322 
Cacna1gtm1.1Abp Cacna1gtm1.1Abp/Cacna1gtm1.1Abp
involves: C57BL/6 * CBA		 MGI:1201678  MP:0009747 impaired behavioral response to xenobiotic PMID: 17525593 
Cacna1gtm1Dgen Cacna1gtm1Dgen/Cacna1gtm1Dgen
involves: 129/Sv * C57BL/6		 MGI:1201678  MP:0005659 increased resistance to diet-induced obesity PMID: 19451696 
Cacna1gtm1Hssh Cacna1gtm1Hssh/Cacna1gtm1Hssh
involves: 129S4/SvJae		 MGI:1201678  MP:0003896 prolonged PR interval PMID: 16690884 
Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology Click here for help
Disease:  Absence epilepsy
Synonyms: early onset absence epilepsy [Disease Ontology: DOID:0050708]
Disease Ontology: DOID:0050708
Role:  Thalamic oscillation.
Drugs:  Ethosuximide
Side effects:  Rarely: GI distres, drowsiness, leukopenia.
Therapeutic use:  Absence epilepsy.
Comments:  The mutation frequency has not been determined
References:  8,21,43
Disease:  Spinocerebellar Ataxia 42
OMIM: 604065
Click column headers to sort
Type Species Amino acid change Nucleotide change Description Reference
Missense Human A961T 4
Missense Human M1531V 4
Missense Human R1715H 9,31
Gene Expression and Pathophysiology Click here for help
Increased expression in rat models of absence epilepsy.
Tissue or cell type:  Thalamic neurons.
Pathophysiology:  Absence epilepsy.
Species:  Rat
Technique: 
References:  41
Increased expression in mouse models of absence epilepsy.
Tissue or cell type:  Thalamic neurons.
Pathophysiology:  Absence epilepsy.
Species:  Mouse
Technique: 
References:  47
Biologically Significant Variants Click here for help
Type:  Splice variant
Species:  Human
Description:  This variant affects the insertion/deletion on exon 14, altering the sequence of II-III loop. The kinetics of activation and deactivation are changed.
Amino acids:  2273
Nucleotide accession:  NM_198378
Protein accession:  NP_938192
References:  2,12
Type:  Splice variant
Species:  Human
Description:  This variant alters the sequence of the III-IV loop (exons 25A and 26) altering the voltage dependence of activation and inactivation and kinetics.
Amino acids:  2298
Nucleotide accession:  NM_198379
Protein accession:  NP_938193
References:  2,12
Type:  Splice variant
Species:  Human
Description:  -
Amino acids:  2171
Nucleotide accession:  NM_198376
Protein accession:  NP_938190
References:  30
Type:  Splice variant
Species:  Human
Description:  This variant alters the sequence of the III-IV loop (exons 25A and 26) altering the voltage dependence of activation and inactivation and kinetics.
Amino acids:  2250
Nucleotide accession:  NM_198387
Protein accession:  NP_938201
References:  2,12

References

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1. Bezençon O, Heidmann B, Siegrist R, Stamm S, Richard S, Pozzi D, Corminboeuf O, Roch C, Kessler M, Ertel EA et al.. (2017) Discovery of a Potent, Selective T-type Calcium Channel Blocker as a Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Generalized Epilepsies. J Med Chem, 60 (23): 9769-9789. [PMID:29116786]

2. Chemin J, Monteil A, Bourinet E, Nargeot J, Lory P. (2001) Alternatively spliced alpha(1G) (Ca(V)3.1) intracellular loops promote specific T-type Ca(2+) channel gating properties. Biophys J, 80 (3): 1238-50. [PMID:11222288]

3. Chemin J, Monteil A, Perez-Reyes E, Nargeot J, Lory P. (2001) Direct inhibition of T-type calcium channels by the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide. EMBO J, 20 (24): 7033-40. [PMID:11742980]

4. Chemin J, Siquier-Pernet K, Nicouleau M, Barcia G, Ahmad A, Medina-Cano D, Hanein S, Altin N, Hubert L, Bole-Feysot C et al.. (2018) De novo mutation screening in childhood-onset cerebellar atrophy identifies gain-of-function mutations in the CACNA1G calcium channel gene. Brain, 141 (7): 1998-2013. [PMID:29878067]

5. Choe W, Messinger RB, Leach E, Eckle VS, Obradovic A, Salajegheh R, Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Todorovic SM. (2011) TTA-P2 is a potent and selective blocker of T-type calcium channels in rat sensory neurons and a novel antinociceptive agent. Mol Pharmacol, 80 (5): 900-10. [PMID:21821734]

6. Chuang RS, Jaffe H, Cribbs L, Perez-Reyes E, Swartz KJ. (1998) Inhibition of T-type voltage-gated calcium channels by a new scorpion toxin. Nat Neurosci, 1 (8): 668-74. [PMID:10196582]

7. Coulter DA, Huguenard JR, Prince DA. (1989) Calcium currents in rat thalamocortical relay neurones: kinetic properties of the transient, low-threshold current. J Physiol (Lond.), 414: 587-604. [PMID:2607443]

8. Coulter DA, Huguenard JR, Prince DA. (1989) Characterization of ethosuximide reduction of low-threshold calcium current in thalamic neurons. Ann Neurol, 25 (6): 582-93. [PMID:2545161]

9. Coutelier M, Blesneac I, Monteil A, Monin ML, Ando K, Mundwiller E, Brusco A, Le Ber I, Anheim M, Castrioto A et al.. (2015) A Recurrent Mutation in CACNA1G Alters Cav3.1 T-Type Calcium-Channel Conduction and Causes Autosomal-Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia. Am J Hum Genet, 97 (5): 726-37. [PMID:26456284]

10. Craig PJ, Beattie RE, Folly EA, Banerjee MD, Reeves MB, Priestley JV, Carney SL, Sher E, Perez-Reyes E, Volsen SG. (1999) Distribution of the voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha1G subunit mRNA and protein throughout the mature rat brain. Eur J Neurosci, 11 (8): 2949-64. [PMID:10457190]

11. Du Nguyen H, Okada T, Kitamura S, Yamaoka S, Horaguchi Y, Kasanami Y, Sekiguchi F, Tsubota M, Yoshida S, Nishikawa H et al.. (2018) Design and synthesis of novel anti-hyperalgesic agents based on 6-prenylnaringenin as the T-type calcium channel blockers. Bioorg Med Chem, 26 (15): 4410-4427. [PMID:30031654]

12. Emerick MC, Stein R, Kunze R, McNulty MM, Regan MR, Hanck DA, Agnew WS. (2006) Profiling the array of Ca(v)3.1 variants from the human T-type calcium channel gene CACNA1G: alternative structures, developmental expression, and biophysical variations. Proteins, 64 (2): 320-42. [PMID:16671074]

13. Francois A, Kerckhove N, Meleine M, Alloui A, Barrere C, Gelot A, Uebele VN, Renger JJ, Eschalier A, Ardid D et al.. (2013) State-dependent properties of a new T-type calcium channel blocker enhance Ca(V)3.2 selectivity and support analgesic effects. Pain, 154 (2): 283-93. [PMID:23257507]

14. Furukawa T, Miura R, Honda M, Kamiya N, Mori Y, Takeshita S, Isshiki T, Nukada T. (2004) Identification of R(-)-isomer of efonidipine as a selective blocker of T-type Ca2+ channels. Br J Pharmacol, 143 (8): 1050-7. [PMID:15545287]

15. Giordanetto F, Knerr L, Wållberg A. (2011) T-type calcium channels inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat, 21 (1): 85-101. [PMID:21087200]

16. Gomora JC, Daud AN, Weiergräber M, Perez-Reyes E. (2001) Block of cloned human T-type calcium channels by succinimide antiepileptic drugs. Mol Pharmacol, 60 (5): 1121-32. [PMID:11641441]

17. Gomora JC, Murbartián J, Arias JM, Lee JH, Perez-Reyes E. (2002) Cloning and expression of the human T-type channel Ca(v)3.3: insights into prepulse facilitation. Biophys J, 83 (1): 229-41. [PMID:12080115]

18. Heady TN, Gomora JC, Macdonald TL, Perez-Reyes E. (2001) Molecular pharmacology of T-type Ca2+ channels. Jpn J Pharmacol, 85 (4): 339-50. [PMID:11388636]

19. Jarvis MF, Scott VE, McGaraughty S, Chu KL, Xu J, Niforatos W, Milicic I, Joshi S, Zhang Q, Xia Z. (2014) A peripherally acting, selective T-type calcium channel blocker, ABT-639, effectively reduces nociceptive and neuropathic pain in rats. Biochem Pharmacol, 89 (4): 536-44. [PMID:24726441]

20. Kim D, Song I, Keum S, Lee T, Jeong MJ, Kim SS, McEnery MW, Shin HS. (2001) Lack of the burst firing of thalamocortical relay neurons and resistance to absence seizures in mice lacking alpha(1G) T-type Ca(2+) channels. Neuron, 31 (1): 35-45. [PMID:11498049]

21. Klassen T, Davis C, Goldman A, Burgess D, Chen T, Wheeler D, McPherson J, Bourquin T, Lewis L, Villasana D et al.. (2011) Exome sequencing of ion channel genes reveals complex profiles confounding personal risk assessment in epilepsy. Cell, 145 (7): 1036-48. [PMID:21703448]

22. Klugbauer N, Marais E, Lacinová L, Hofmann F. (1999) A T-type calcium channel from mouse brain. Pflugers Arch, 437 (5): 710-5. [PMID:10087148]

23. Lee JH, Gomora JC, Cribbs LL, Perez-Reyes E. (1999) Nickel block of three cloned T-type calcium channels: low concentrations selectively block alpha1H. Biophys J, 77 (6): 3034-42. [PMID:10585925]

24. Lein ES, Hawrylycz MJ, Ao N, Ayres M, Bensinger A, Bernard A, Boe AF, Boguski MS, Brockway KS, Byrnes EJ et al.. (2007) Genome-wide atlas of gene expression in the adult mouse brain. Nature, 445 (7124): 168-76. [PMID:17151600]

25. Mangoni ME, Traboulsie A, Leoni AL, Couette B, Marger L, Le Quang K, Kupfer E, Cohen-Solal A, Vilar J, Shin HS et al.. (2006) Bradycardia and slowing of the atrioventricular conduction in mice lacking CaV3.1/alpha1G T-type calcium channels. Circ Res, 98 (11): 1422-30. [PMID:16690884]

26. Marionneau C, Couette B, Liu J, Li H, Mangoni ME, Nargeot J, Lei M, Escande D, Demolombe S. (2005) Specific pattern of ionic channel gene expression associated with pacemaker activity in the mouse heart. J Physiol, 562 (Pt 1): 223-34. [PMID:15498808]

27. Martin RL, Lee JH, Cribbs LL, Perez-Reyes E, Hanck DA. (2000) Mibefradil block of cloned T-type calcium channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 295 (1): 302-8. [PMID:10991994]

28. McGivern JG. (2006) Pharmacology and drug discovery for T-type calcium channels. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 5 (6): 587-603. [PMID:17168744]

29. McKay BE, McRory JE, Molineux ML, Hamid J, Snutch TP, Zamponi GW, Turner RW. (2006) Ca(V)3 T-type calcium channel isoforms differentially distribute to somatic and dendritic compartments in rat central neurons. Eur J Neurosci, 24 (9): 2581-94. [PMID:17100846]

30. Monteil A, Chemin J, Bourinet E, Mennessier G, Lory P, Nargeot J. (2000) Molecular and functional properties of the human alpha(1G) subunit that forms T-type calcium channels. J Biol Chem, 275 (9): 6090-100. [PMID:10692398]

31. Morino H, Matsuda Y, Muguruma K, Miyamoto R, Ohsawa R, Ohtake T, Otobe R, Watanabe M, Maruyama H, Hashimoto K et al.. (2015) A mutation in the low voltage-gated calcium channel CACNA1G alters the physiological properties of the channel, causing spinocerebellar ataxia. Mol Brain, 8: 89. [PMID:26715324]

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