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C3a receptor

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Immunopharmacology Ligand  Target has curated data in GtoImmuPdb

Target id: 31

Nomenclature: C3a receptor

Family: Complement peptide receptors

Contents:

Gene and Protein Information Click here for help
class A G protein-coupled receptor
Species TM AA Chromosomal Location Gene Symbol Gene Name Reference
Human 7 482 12p13.31 C3AR1 complement C3a receptor 1 23
Mouse 7 477 6 F2 C3ar1 complement component 3a receptor 1 23
Rat 7 473 4q42 C3ar1 complement C3a receptor 1
Previous and Unofficial Names Click here for help
C3AR | C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor | C3a-R | anaphylatoxin C3a receptor | complement component 3a receptor 1
Database Links Click here for help
Specialist databases
GPCRdb c3ar_human (Hs), c3ar_mouse (Mm), c3ar_rat (Rn)
Other databases
Alphafold Q16581 (Hs), O09047 (Mm), O55197 (Rn)
ChEMBL Target CHEMBL4761 (Hs)
Ensembl Gene ENSG00000171860 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000040552 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000009211 (Rn)
Entrez Gene 719 (Hs), 12267 (Mm), 84007 (Rn)
Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000171860 (Hs)
KEGG Gene hsa:719 (Hs), mmu:12267 (Mm), rno:84007 (Rn)
OMIM 605246 (Hs)
Pharos Q16581 (Hs)
RefSeq Nucleotide NM_004054 (Hs), NM_009779 (Mm), NM_032060 (Rn)
RefSeq Protein NP_004045 (Hs), NP_033909 (Mm), NP_114449 (Rn)
UniProtKB Q16581 (Hs), O09047 (Mm), O55197 (Rn)
Wikipedia C3AR1 (Hs)
Natural/Endogenous Ligands Click here for help
C5a {Sp: Human}
C3a {Sp: Human}
C5a {Sp: Mouse}
C3a {Sp: Mouse}
C5a {Sp: Rat}
C3a {Sp: Rat}
Comments: C3a anaphylatoxin has a higher potency than C5a anaphylatoxin
Potency order of endogenous ligands (Human)
C3a (C3, P01024) > C5a (C5, P01031)  [3]

Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file go icon to follow link

Agonists
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
[125I]C3a (human) Peptide Ligand is labelled Ligand is radioactive Hs Full agonist 8.4 pKd 11
⤷ pKd 8.4 (Kd 3.85x10-9 M) [11]
Eu-DTPA-hC3a Peptide Ligand is labelled Hs Agonist 8.1 pKd 13
⤷ pKd 8.1 (Kd 8.7x10-9 M) [13]
C3a {Sp: Human} Peptide Ligand is endogenous in the given species Hs Agonist 9.6 pEC50 4
⤷ pEC50 9.6 (EC50 2.4x10-10 M) [4]
Description: In a calcium mobilisation assay using RBL-2H3 cells stably expressing the hC3aR.
E7 Peptide Hs Full agonist 8.7 pEC50 4
⤷ pEC50 8.7 (EC50 2x10-9 M) [4]
compound 17 [PMID: 24257095] Small molecule or natural product Hs Agonist 8.1 pEC50 39
⤷ pEC50 8.1 [39]
compound 21 [PMID: 25259874] Small molecule or natural product Hs Full agonist 7.7 pEC50 38
⤷ pEC50 7.7 (EC50 2x10-8 M) [38]
C3a {Sp: Human} Peptide Ligand is endogenous in the given species Hs Full agonist 7.3 pEC50 43
⤷ pEC50 7.3 (EC50 5.3x10-8 M) [43]
YSFKPMPLaR Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Full agonist 6.7 pEC50 43
⤷ pEC50 6.7 (EC50 2.2x10-7 M) [43]
SQ007-5 Peptide Hs Partial agonist 6.7 pEC50 7
⤷ pEC50 6.7 [7]
FLPLAR Peptide Hs Full agonist 6.4 pEC50 43
⤷ pEC50 6.4 (EC50 4.2x10-7 M) [43]
Ac-RHYPLWR Peptide Hs Full agonist 6.0 pEC50 19
⤷ pEC50 6.0 (EC50 1.1x10-6 M) [19]
WWGKKYRASKLGLAR Peptide Hs Full agonist 5.9 pEC50 43
⤷ pEC50 5.9 (EC50 1.3x10-6 M) [43]
WWGKKYRASKLGLAR Peptide Hs Full agonist 8.7 pIC50 43
⤷ pIC50 8.7 (IC50 2x10-9 M) [43]
TLQP-21 {Sp: Human} Peptide Ma Agonist 6.9 pIC50 20
⤷ pIC50 6.9 (IC50 1.139x10-7 M) [20]
Description: Displacement of 125I-labeled human C3a from hamster C3AR1-expressing HEK293 cell membranes
C3a receptor agonist Small molecule or natural product Hs Agonist 6.1 pIC50 14
⤷ pIC50 6.1 (IC50 7.94x10-7 M) [14]
Description: IC50 determined in a radioligand displacement assay; displacing [125I]C3a from hC3a receptor expressed in HMC1 cells co-expressing aequorin.
casoxin C Peptide Hs Agonist 4.4 pIC50 48,57
⤷ pIC50 4.4 (IC50 4x10-5 M) [48,57]
albutensin A Peptide Hs Agonist - - 50,57
⤷ [50,57]
oryzatensin Peptide Hs Agonist - - 25,49,57
⤷ [25,49,57]
View species-specific agonist tables
Agonist Comments
The receptor affinity of pEC50 5.9 for WWGKKYRASKLGLAR was detected by a binding assay. C3a receptor has no detectable affinity for the metabolite C3a des Arg. The rodent receptor was recently suggested to interact with vgf gene product TLQP-21, however the binding affinity was found to be relatively low [20]. SB290157 has also been reported to have agonist properties at the C3a receptor [31].
Antagonists
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
JR14a Small molecule or natural product Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Antagonist 8.0 pIC50 40
⤷ pIC50 8.0 (IC50 1x10-8 M) [40]
Description: Inhibition of C3aR agonist-induced Ca2+ Release in human monocyte-derived macrophages.
SB290157 Small molecule or natural product Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Antagonist 7.6 pIC50 2,29
⤷ pIC50 7.6 (IC50 2.8x10-8 M) SB290157 has also been reported to have agonist properties at the C3a receptor [2,29]
FLTChaAR Peptide Hs Antagonist 6.6 pIC50 43
⤷ pIC50 6.6 (IC50 2.38x10-7 M) [43]
compound 4 [PMID: 25259874] Small molecule or natural product Hs Antagonist 5.9 pIC50 38
⤷ pIC50 5.9 (IC50 1.3x10-6 M) [38]
Antagonist Comments
The pIC50 value for FLTChaAR affinity value was obtained from a binding assay. SB290157 has also been reported to have agonist properties at the C3a receptor [31].
Immunopharmacology Comments
Complement C3a receptor 1 is the receptor for complement factor C3a, a component of the alternative complement cascade. It can have pro-inflammatory actions, but can also counteract the proinflammatory effects of C5a.
The complement system plays a critical role intestinal immune homeostasis. In particular, C3 and the C3aR have been identified as being involved in regulating the intestinal immune response during chronic colitis [46,54]. C3aR is also reported to provide protection from tissue damage in an intestinal ischemia-reperfusion model, an effect that is mediated by inhibition of neutrophil mobilisation [56].
The biological action of C3aR agonists and antagonists can be monitored by measuring receptor-mediated cytokine release from human macrophages [38], and C3aR biology further examined by assessing granulocyte/neutrophil mobilisation in response to injury or G-CSF [56].
Cell Type Associations
Immuno Cell Type:  Macrophages & monocytes
Cell Ontology Term:   macrophage (CL:0000235)
References:  16,36
Immuno Cell Type:  Granulocytes
Cell Ontology Term:   eosinophil (CL:0000771)
References:  36
Immuno Cell Type:  Innate lymphoid cells
Cell Ontology Term:   group 3 innate lymphoid cell (CL:0001071)
Comment:  Some lamina propria-derived type 3 innate lymphoid cells express C3aR in the mouse.
Immuno Cell Type:  Dendritic cells
Cell Ontology Term:   conventional dendritic cell (CL:0000990)
Comment:  Lung-resident CD11b+ cDCs and monocyte-derived DCs, and lamina propria CD103+, and CD11b+ cDCs express C3aR in the mouse.
References:  36
Immuno Cell Type:  Mast cells
Cell Ontology Term:   mast cell (CL:0000097)
Comment:  C3aR expression was not detected in mouse mast cells using a floxed tdTomato-C3aR reporter knock-in system (Quell et al., 2017).
References:  36
Immuno Process Associations
Immuno Process:  Inflammation
GO Annotations:  Associated to 3 GO processes
GO:0006954 inflammatory response IBA
click arrow to show/hide IEA associations
GO:0010759 positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis IEA
GO:0090023 positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis IEA
Immuno Process:  Immune regulation
GO Annotations:  Associated to 5 GO processes
GO:0002430 complement receptor mediated signaling pathway IDA
GO:0004875 complement receptor activity IBA
GO:0004876 complement component C3a receptor activity IDA
click arrow to show/hide IEA associations
GO:0010759 positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis IEA
GO:0090023 positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis IEA
Immuno Process:  Chemotaxis & migration
GO Annotations:  Associated to 2 GO processes
click arrow to show/hide IEA associations
GO:0010759 positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis IEA
GO:0090023 positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis IEA
Immuno Process:  Cellular signalling
GO Annotations:  Associated to 3 GO processes
GO:0002430 complement receptor mediated signaling pathway IDA
GO:0004875 complement receptor activity IBA
GO:0004876 complement component C3a receptor activity IDA
Immuno Process:  Cytokine production & signalling
GO Annotations:  Associated to 1 GO processes, IEA only
click arrow to show/hide IEA associations
GO:0010575 positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production IEA
Immuno Process:  B cell (activation)
Immuno Process:  Immune system development
Immuno Process:  T cell (activation)
Primary Transduction Mechanisms Click here for help
Transducer Effector/Response
G protein (identity unknown) Other - See Comments
Comments:  β-arrestin is required for mast cell degranulation in response to C3a
References:  18,53
Secondary Transduction Mechanisms Click here for help
Comments:  C3aR exhibits a cell-type specific use of secondary signalling cascades. For example, in astrocytes, C3aR causes a transient increase in intracellular calcium mediated by PKC activity, a decrease in cAMP concentrations and an increase in MAPK pathway constituent phosphorylation [41]. In mast cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, C3aR activation has also been shown to cause sustained MAPK phosphorylation, leading to the production of cytokines, however in neural precursors C3aR is an inhibitor of this pathway [32,44,52].
References: 
Tissue Distribution Click here for help
Fibroblasts: tenocytes and myofibroblasts
Species:  Human
Technique:  RT-PCR
References:  9,22
Keratinocytes
Species:  Human
Technique:  Immunocytochemistry
References:  35
Dendritic Cells and lymphocytes
Species:  Human
Technique:  Immunocytochemistry
References:  15,27,34,45
Monocytes, neutrophils, astrocytes
Species:  Human
Technique:  FACS
References:  17
Mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Species:  Human
Technique:  Immunocytochemistry
References:  24,42
Placenta (Hofbauer cells)
Species:  Human
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry
References:  30
Brain vascular endothelial cells
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry
References:  17
Cells of the small intestine lamina propria.
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  Floxed tdTomato-C3aR reporter knock-in.
References:  36
Neural stem cells, immature neurons, oligodendrocytes, microglia
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry
References:  17,37
Retina
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry
References:  58
Kidney
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry
References:  6,51
Expression Datasets Click here for help

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Log average relative transcript abundance in mouse tissues measured by qPCR from Regard, J.B., Sato, I.T., and Coughlin, S.R. (2008). Anatomical profiling of G protein-coupled receptor expression. Cell, 135(3): 561-71. [PMID:18984166] [Raw data: website]

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Functional Assays Click here for help
Chemotaxis
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Mast Cells
Response measured:  Chemotaxis
References:  21
ERK1/2 Phosphorylation
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Monocytes, HEK293 C3aR transfected cells
Response measured:  Increase in phosphorylated-ERK1/2 as detected by Western blot
References:  42
Enzyme Release/Degranulation
Species:  Human
Tissue:  RBL-2H3 C3aR transfected cells
Response measured:  Increased β-hexosaminidase release
References:  7
Calcium Mobilisation
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Macrophage cells
Response measured:  Mobilisation of intracellular calcium stores
References:  7
Physiological Functions Click here for help
Chemotaxis
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Mesenchymal stem cells, rat cerebellar granule cells
References:  10,42
Degranulation
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Basophils, eosinophils, mast Cells
References:  1,47,53
Proliferation
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Neural stem cells and immature neurons
References:  37
Cytokine production
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Dendritic Cells, T-Cells
References:  34,45
Osteoclast formation
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Osteoclasts
References:  24
Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression Click here for help
In a mouse model of collagen antibody-induced rheumatoid arthritis, C3aR knockout mice showed a 52% decrease in a clinical disease activity score. Decreases in synovial macrophages and neutrophils were also observed in the C3aR knockout mice compared to wildtype.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene knockouts
References:  5
C3aR knockout mice showed an increase in cytokine response during the sensitisation phase of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). No difference was observed in contact sensitivity or cytokine levels during the elicitation phase of ACD.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene knockouts
References:  33
C3aR knockout mice demonstrated an accelerated onset of renal injury in a model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). C3aR knockout mice showed an increase in chemokine and cytokine levels in the kidney associated with a more rapid rise in serum creatinine and accelerated renal fibrosis. Although disease onset was accelerated, no long term impact of C3aR knockout was seen, with no change in long-term injury or survival of C3aR knockout mice in comparison to wildtype.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene knockouts
References:  55
C3aR knockout mice show enchanced lethality to LPS induced endotoxic shock. Elevations in plasma IL-1B were also observed.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene knockouts
References:  26
C3aR knockout mice develop early onset and progressive retinal degeneration in comparison to wildtype. Increased cell death and retinal dysfunction upon light exposure was observed.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene knockouts
References:  58
C3aR knockout mice have been demonstrated to have reduced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in models of allergic asthma and respiratory syncytial virus infection. This protection is due to a reduction in C3aR-induced tachykinin release leading to a decreased IL-17A induced TH17 cell population.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Lung
Technique:  Gene knockouts
References:  8,28
Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models Click here for help Mouse data from MGI

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Allele Composition & genetic background Accession Phenotype Id Phenotype Reference
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0002420 abnormal adaptive immunity PMID: 12421977 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0002465 abnormal eosinophil physiology PMID: 12421977 
C3ar1tm1Dgen C3ar1tm1Dgen/C3ar1tm1Dgen
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd		 MGI:1097680  MP:0005334 abnormal fat pad morphology PMID: 19270708 
C3ar1+|C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1+
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6		 MGI:1097680  MP:0001790 abnormal immune system physiology PMID: 11067891 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0008751 abnormal interleukin level PMID: 12421977 
C3ar1tm1Dgen C3ar1tm1Dgen/C3ar1tm1Dgen
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd		 MGI:1097680  MP:0003959 abnormal lean body mass PMID: 19270708 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0002281 abnormal respiratory mucosa goblet cell morphology PMID: 12421977 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0008092 abnormal T-helper 2 cell differentiation PMID: 12421977 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0005466 abnormal T-helper 2 physiology PMID: 12421977 
C3ar1tm1Cge C3ar1tm1Cge/C3ar1tm1Cge
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c		 MGI:1097680  MP:0002335 decreased airway responsiveness PMID: 10984054 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0002335 decreased airway responsiveness PMID: 12421977 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0005012 decreased eosinophil cell number PMID: 12421977 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0002492 decreased IgE level PMID: 12421977 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0008495 decreased IgG1 level PMID: 12421977 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0008700 decreased interleukin-4 secretion PMID: 12421977 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0005517 decreased liver regeneration PMID: 15240660 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0005016 decreased lymphocyte cell number PMID: 12421977 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0000222 decreased neutrophil cell number PMID: 12421977 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0004800 decreased susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis PMID: 15383607 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0000921 demyelination PMID: 15383607 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0008719 impaired neutrophil recruitment PMID: 12421977 
C3ar1tm1Raw|Cpn1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw,Cpn1tm1Raw/Cpn1tm1Raw
B6.129-C3ar1 Cpn1		 MGI:1097680  MGI:2135874  MP:0005088 increased acute inflammation PMID: 19414808 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6		 MGI:1097680  MP:0008641 increased circulating interleukin-1 beta level PMID: 11067891 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0008641 increased circulating interleukin-1 beta level PMID: 15383607 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6		 MGI:1097680  MP:0009763 increased sensitivity to induced morbidity/mortality PMID: 11067891 
C3ar1+|C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1+
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6		 MGI:1097680  MP:0009763 increased sensitivity to induced morbidity/mortality PMID: 11067891 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6		 MGI:1097680  MP:0008735 increased susceptibility to endotoxin shock PMID: 11067891 
C3ar1tm1Raw C3ar1tm1Raw/C3ar1tm1Raw
B6.129X1(B6)-C3ar1		 MGI:1097680  MP:0005596 increased susceptibility to type I hypersensitivity reaction PMID: 12421977 
Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology Click here for help
Disease:  Neuromyelitis optica
Description: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease. It selectively causes inflammation in the optic nerves (optic neuritis) and spinal cord (myelitis). Some neuromyelitis optica sufferers are seropositive for IgG autoantibodies against the aquaporin 4 (AQP4) water channel that is expressed in the brain. Patients with NMO frequently have other systemic autoimmune disorders (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome or myasthenia gravis).
Synonyms: Devic's disease/syndrome
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
NMOSD
Disease Ontology: DOID:8869
OMIM: 600308
Orphanet: ORPHA71211
Role:  Astrocyte-microglia interaction drives evolving neuromyelitis optica lesion. This involves C3a receptor signaling.
References:  12

References

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1. Ahamed J, Haribabu B, Ali H. (2001) Cutting edge: Differential regulation of chemoattractant receptor-induced degranulation and chemokine production by receptor phosphorylation. J Immunol, 167 (7): 3559-63. [PMID:11564766]

2. Ames RS, Lee D, Foley JJ, Jurewicz AJ, Tornetta MA, Bautsch W, Settmacher B, Klos A, Erhard KF, Cousins RD et al.. (2001) Identification of a selective nonpeptide antagonist of the anaphylatoxin C3a receptor that demonstrates antiinflammatory activity in animal models. J Immunol, 166 (10): 6341-8. [PMID:11342658]

3. Ames RS, Nuthulaganti P, Kumar C. (1996) In Xenopus oocytes the human C3a and C5a receptors elicit a promiscuous response to the anaphylatoxins. FEBS Lett, 395 (2-3): 157-9. [PMID:8898085]

4. Ames RS, Tornetta MA, Foley JJ, Hugli TE, Sarau HM. (1997) Evidence that the receptor for C4a is distinct from the C3a receptor. Immunopharmacology, 38 (1-2): 87-92. [PMID:9476119]

5. Banda NK, Hyatt S, Antonioli AH, White JT, Glogowska M, Takahashi K, Merkel TJ, Stahl GL, Mueller-Ortiz S, Wetsel R et al.. (2012) Role of C3a receptors, C5a receptors, and complement protein C6 deficiency in collagen antibody-induced arthritis in mice. J Immunol, 188 (3): 1469-78. [PMID:22205026]

6. Bao L, Osawe I, Haas M, Quigg RJ. (2005) Signaling through up-regulated C3a receptor is key to the development of experimental lupus nephritis. J Immunol, 175 (3): 1947-55. [PMID:16034139]

7. Bellows-Peterson ML, Fung HK, Floudas CA, Kieslich CA, Zhang L, Morikis D, Wareham KJ, Monk PN, Hawksworth OA, Woodruff TM. (2012) De novo peptide design with C3a receptor agonist and antagonist activities: theoretical predictions and experimental validation. J Med Chem, 55 (9): 4159-68. [PMID:22500977]

8. Bera MM, Lu B, Martin TR, Cui S, Rhein LM, Gerard C, Gerard NP. (2011) Th17 cytokines are critical for respiratory syncytial virus-associated airway hyperreponsiveness through regulation by complement C3a and tachykinins. J Immunol, 187 (8): 4245-55. [PMID:21918196]

9. Busch C, Girke G, Kohl B, Stoll C, Lemke M, Krasnici S, Ertel W, Silawal S, John T, Schulze-Tanzil G. (2013) Complement gene expression is regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and the anaphylatoxin C3a in human tenocytes. Mol Immunol, 53 (4): 363-73. [PMID:23070120]

10. Bénard M, Raoult E, Vaudry D, Leprince J, Falluel-Morel A, Gonzalez BJ, Galas L, Vaudry H, Fontaine M. (2008) Role of complement anaphylatoxin receptors (C3aR, C5aR) in the development of the rat cerebellum. Mol Immunol, 45 (14): 3767-74. [PMID:18635264]

11. Chao TH, Ember JA, Wang M, Bayon Y, Hugli TE, Ye RD. (1999) Role of the second extracellular loop of human C3a receptor in agonist binding and receptor function. J Biol Chem, 274 (14): 9721-8. [PMID:10092660]

12. Chen T, Lennon VA, Liu YU, Bosco DB, Li Y, Yi MH, Zhu J, Wei S, Wu LJ. (2020) Astrocyte-microglia interaction drives evolving neuromyelitis optica lesion. J Clin Invest, 130 (8): 4025-4038. [PMID:32568214]

13. Dantas de Araujo A, Wu C, Wu KC, Reid RC, Durek T, Lim J, Fairlie DP. (2017) Europium-Labeled Synthetic C3a Protein as a Novel Fluorescent Probe for Human Complement C3a Receptor. Bioconjug Chem, 28 (6): 1669-1676. [PMID:28562031]

14. Denonne F, Binet S, Burton M, Collart P, Defays S, Dipesa A, Eckert M, Giannaras A, Kumar S, Levine B et al.. (2007) Discovery of new C3aR ligands. Part 2: amino-piperidine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 17 (12): 3262-5. [PMID:17459702]

15. Fischer WH, Hugli TE. (1997) Regulation of B cell functions by C3a and C3a(desArg): suppression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and the polyclonal immune response. J Immunol, 159 (9): 4279-86. [PMID:9379023]

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