Nomenclature as recommended by NC-IUPHAR [1]. The Succinate receptor was identified as being activated by physiological levels of the Kreb's cycle intermediate succinate and other dicarboxylic acids such as maleate in 2004. Since its pairing with its endogenous ligand, the receptor has been the focus of intensive research and its role has been evidenced in various (patho)physiological processes such as regulation of renin production, retinal angiogenesis, inflammation or the immune response.

In humans, there is the possibility of two open-reading frames (ORFs) for SUCNR1, one giving a protein of 330 amino acids (AA) and the other one 334-AA. Wittenberger et al. [9] noted that the 330-AA protein was more likely to be expressed given the Kozak sequence surrounding the second ATG. Some databases report SUCNR1 as being 334-AA long.

* Key recommended reading is highlighted with an asterisk

Ariza AC, Deen PM, Robben JH. (2012) The succinate receptor as a novel therapeutic target for oxidative and metabolic stress-related conditions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 3: 22. [PMID:22649411]

* de Castro Fonseca M, Aguiar CJ, da Rocha Franco JA, Gingold RN, Leite MF. (2016) GPR91: expanding the frontiers of Krebs cycle intermediates. Cell Commun Signal, 14: 3. [PMID:26759054]

* Gilissen J, Jouret F, Pirotte B, Hanson J. (2016) Insight into SUCNR1 (GPR91) structure and function. Pharmacol Ther, 159: 56-65. [PMID:26808164]

* Grimolizzi F, Arranz L. (2018) Multiple faces of succinate beyond metabolism in blood. Haematologica, 103 (10): 1586-1592. [PMID:29954939]

* Krzak G, Willis CM, Smith JA, Pluchino S, Peruzzotti-Jametti L. (2021) Succinate Receptor 1: An Emerging Regulator of Myeloid Cell Function in Inflammation. Trends Immunol, 42 (1): 45-58. [PMID:33279412]

* Lückmann M, Trauelsen M, Frimurer TM, Schwartz TW. (2020) Structural basis for GPCR signaling by small polar versus large lipid metabolites-discovery of non-metabolite ligands. Curr Opin Cell Biol, 63: 38-48. [PMID:31951921]

Peti-Peterdi J. (2010) High glucose and renin release: the role of succinate and GPR91. Kidney Int, 78 (12): 1214-7. [PMID:20861827]

1. Davenport AP, Alexander SP, Sharman JL, Pawson AJ, Benson HE, Monaghan AE, Liew WC, Mpamhanga CP, Bonner TI, Neubig RR et al.. (2013) International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXVIII. G protein-coupled receptor list: recommendations for new pairings with cognate ligands. Pharmacol Rev, 65 (3): 967-86. [PMID:23686350]

2. Geubelle P, Gilissen J, Dilly S, Poma L, Dupuis N, Laschet C, Abboud D, Inoue A, Jouret F, Pirotte B et al.. (2017) Identification and pharmacological characterization of succinate receptor agonists. Br J Pharmacol, 174 (9): 796-808. [PMID:28160606]

3. Gilissen J, Geubelle P, Dupuis N, Laschet C, Pirotte B, Hanson J. (2015) Forskolin-free cAMP assay for Gi-coupled receptors. Biochem Pharmacol, 98 (3): 381-91. [PMID:26386312]

4. Haffke M, Fehlmann D, Rummel G, Boivineau J, Duckely M, Gommermann N, Cotesta S, Sirockin F, Freuler F, Littlewood-Evans A et al.. (2019) Structural basis of species-selective antagonist binding to the succinate receptor. Nature, 574 (7779): 581-585. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1663-8 [PMID:31645725]

5. He W, Miao FJ, Lin DC, Schwandner RT, Wang Z, Gao J, Chen JL, Tian H, Ling L. (2004) Citric acid cycle intermediates as ligands for orphan G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature, 429 (6988): 188-93. [PMID:15141213]

6. Rexen Ulven E, Trauelsen M, Brvar M, Lückmann M, Bielefeldt LØ, Jensen LKI, Schwartz TW, Frimurer TM. (2018) Structure-Activity Investigations and Optimisations of Non-metabolite Agonists for the Succinate Receptor 1. Sci Rep, 8 (1): 10010. [PMID:29968758]

7. Southern C, Cook JM, Neetoo-Isseljee Z, Taylor DL, Kettleborough CA, Merritt A, Bassoni DL, Raab WJ, Quinn E, Wehrman TS et al.. (2013) Screening β-Arrestin Recruitment for the Identification of Natural Ligands for Orphan G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. J Biomol Screen, 18 (5): 599-609. [PMID:23396314]

8. Trauelsen M, Rexen Ulven E, Hjorth SA, Brvar M, Monaco C, Frimurer TM, Schwartz TW. (2017) Receptor structure-based discovery of non-metabolite agonists for the succinate receptor GPR91. Mol Metab, 6 (12): 1585-1596. [PMID:29157600]

9. Wittenberger T, Schaller HC, Hellebrand S. (2001) An expressed sequence tag (EST) data mining strategy succeeding in the discovery of new G-protein coupled receptors. J Mol Biol, 307 (3): 799-813. [PMID:11273702]