Glycoprotein hormone receptors (provisional nomenclature [2]) are activated by a non-covalent heterodimeric glycoprotein made up of a common α chain (glycoprotein hormone common alpha subunit (CGA, P01215) CGA, P01215), with a unique β chain that confers the biological specificity to FSH (CGA, FSHB, P01215, P01225), LH (CGA, LHB, P01215, P01229), hCG (CGA, CGB3, P01215, P01233) or TSH (CGA, TSHB, P01215, P01222). There is binding cross-reactivity across the endogenous agonists for each of the glycoprotein hormone receptors. The deglycosylated hormones appear to exhibit reduced efficacy at these receptors [1,5].

* Key recommended reading is highlighted with an asterisk

Chiamolera MI, Wondisford FE. (2009) Minireview: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the thyroid hormone feedback mechanism. Endocrinology, 150 (3): 1091-6. [PMID:19179434]

George JW, Dille EA, Heckert LL. (2011) Current concepts of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene regulation. Biol Reprod, 84 (1): 7-17. [PMID:20739665]

Gershengorn MC, Neumann S. (2012) Update in TSH receptor agonists and antagonists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 97 (12): 4287-92. [PMID:23019348]

* Jiang X, Liu H, Chen X, Chen PH, Fischer D, Sriraman V, Yu HN, Arkinstall S, He X. (2012) Structure of follicle-stimulating hormone in complex with the entire ectodomain of its receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 109 (31): 12491-6. [PMID:22802634]

* Kleinau G, Vassart G. TSH receptor mutations and disease. Accessed on 23/02/2017. Modified on 23/02/2017. Thyroid Disease Manager, http://www.thyroidmanager.org/chapter/tsh-receptor-mutations-and-diseases/

Melamed P, Savulescu D, Lim S, Wijeweera A, Luo Z, Luo M, Pnueli L. (2012) Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone signalling downstream of calmodulin. J Neuroendocrinol, 24 (12): 1463-75. [PMID:22775470]

Menon KM, Menon B. (2012) Structure, function and regulation of gonadotropin receptors - a perspective. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 356 (1-2): 88-97. [PMID:22342845]

Puett D, Angelova K, da Costa MR, Warrenfeltz SW, Fanelli F. (2010) The luteinizing hormone receptor: insights into structure-function relationships and hormone-receptor-mediated changes in gene expression in ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 329 (1-2): 47-55. [PMID:20444430]

* Tao YX, Segaloff DL. (2009) Follicle stimulating hormone receptor mutations and reproductive disorders. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci, 89: 115-31. [PMID:20374735]

* Troppmann B, Kleinau G, Krause G, Gromoll J. (2013) Structural and functional plasticity of the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotrophin receptor. Hum Reprod Update, 19 (5): 583-602. [PMID:23686864]

1. Davidson JS, Assefa D, Pawson A, Davies P, Hapgood J, Becker I, Flanagan C, Roeske R, Millar R. (1997) Irreversible activation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor by photoaffinity cross-linking: localization of attachment site to Cys residue in N-terminal segment. Biochemistry, 36 (42): 12881-9. [PMID:9335546]

2. Foord SM, Bonner TI, Neubig RR, Rosser EM, Pin JP, Davenport AP, Spedding M, Harmar AJ. (2005) International Union of Pharmacology. XLVI. G protein-coupled receptor list. Pharmacol Rev, 57 (2): 279-88. [PMID:15914470]

3. Jia XC, Oikawa M, Bo M, Tanaka T, Ny T, Boime I, Hsueh AJ. (1991) Expression of human luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor: interaction with LH and chorionic gonadotropin from human but not equine, rat, and ovine species. Mol Endocrinol, 5: 759-768. [PMID:1922095]

4. Müller T, Gromoll J, Simoni M. (2003) Absence of exon 10 of the human luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor impairs LH, but not human chorionic gonadotropin action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88 (5): 2242-9. [PMID:12727981]

5. Sairam MR. (1989) Role of carbohydrates in glycoprotein hormone signal transduction. FASEB J, 3 (8): 1915-26. [PMID:2542111]

Sabine Costagliola Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM) Université Libre de Bruxelles Campus Erasme 808 Route de Lennik Bruxelles B-1070 Belgium James A. Dias Division of Molecular Medicine Lab. of Clin.Exper. Endoc. Immunol. Wadsworth Center New York State Department of Health David Axelrod Institute 120 New Scotland Avenue Albany N.Y. 12208 USA Marvin Gershengorn Division of Intramural Research NIDDK, National Institutes of Health Bldg. 10, Rm. 9N222 9000 Rockville Pike Bethesda MD 20892-1818 USA Adam J Pawson (Past Senior Database Curator) Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences Room 338, Hugh Robson Building George Square Edinburgh, EH8 9XD Deborah L. Segaloff (Past chairperson) Professor, Dept. Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Professor, Dept. Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City, IA 52242 USA Axel P.N. Themmen Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC - Room Ee532 PO Box 1738 Rotterdam 3000 DR The Netherlands Gilbert Vassart (Past chairperson) Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM) Université Libre de Bruxelles Campus Erasme 808 Route de Lennik Bruxelles B-1070 Belgium