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Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) C

Unless otherwise stated all data on this page refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).

Overview

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Adenylyl cyclase, E.C. 4.6.1.1, converts ATP to cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate. Mammalian membrane-delimited adenylyl cyclases (nomenclature as approved by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Adenylyl cyclases [10]) are typically made up of two clusters of six TM domains separating two intracellular, overlapping catalytic domains that are the target for the nonselective activators Gαs (the stimulatory G protein α subunit) and forskolin (except AC9, [27]). Adenosine and its derivatives (e.g. 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine), acting through the P-site,are inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase activity [34]. Four families of membranous adenylyl cyclase are distinguishable: calmodulin (CALM2, CALM3, CALM1, P62158)-stimulated (AC1, AC3 and AC8), Ca2+- and Gβγ-inhibitable (AC5, AC6 and AC9), Gβγ-stimulated and Ca2+-insensitive (AC2, AC4 and AC7), and forskolin-insensitive (AC9) forms. A soluble adenylyl cyclase (AC10) lacks membrane spanning regions and is insensitive to G proteins.It functions as a cytoplasmic bicarbonate (pH-insensitive) sensor [6].

Enzymes

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Targets of relevance to immunopharmacology are highlighted in blue

AC1 (adenylyl cyclase 1) C Show summary »

AC2 (adenylyl cyclase 2) C Show summary »

AC3 (adenylyl cyclase 3) C Show summary »

AC4 (adenylyl cyclase 4) C Show summary »

AC5 (adenylyl cyclase 5) C Show summary »

AC6 (adenylyl cyclase 6) C Show summary »

AC7 (adenylyl cyclase 7) C Show summary »

AC8 (adenylyl cyclase 8) C Show summary »

AC9 (adenylyl cyclase 9) C Show summary »

AC10 (adenylyl cyclase 10) C Show summary »

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Further reading

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References

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NC-IUPHAR subcommittee and family contributors

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How to cite this family page

Database page citation (select format):

Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY citation:

Alexander SPH, Fabbro D, Kelly E, Mathie AA, Peters JA, Veale EL, Armstrong JF, Faccenda E, Harding SD, Davies JA et al. (2023) The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24: Enzymes. Br J Pharmacol. 180 Suppl 2:S289-373.