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D1 receptor

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Immunopharmacology Ligand  Target has curated data in GtoImmuPdb

Target id: 214

Nomenclature: D1 receptor

Family: Dopamine receptors

Contents:

Gene and Protein Information Click here for help
class A G protein-coupled receptor
Species TM AA Chromosomal Location Gene Symbol Gene Name Reference
Human 7 446 5q35.2 DRD1 dopamine receptor D1 20,62,75
Mouse 7 446 13 28.4 cM Drd1 dopamine receptor D1 60
Rat 7 446 17p14 Drd1 dopamine receptor D1 45,75
Previous and Unofficial Names Click here for help
D1A | DADR | Gpcr15 | dopamine D1 receptor | Dopamine-1A receptor | D1 receptor
Database Links Click here for help
Specialist databases
GPCRdb drd1_human (Hs), drd1_mouse (Mm), drd1_rat (Rn)
Other databases
Alphafold P21728 (Hs), Q61616 (Mm), P18901 (Rn)
ChEMBL Target CHEMBL2056 (Hs), CHEMBL3071 (Mm), CHEMBL265 (Rn)
DrugBank Target P21728 (Hs)
Ensembl Gene ENSG00000184845 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000021478 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000023688 (Rn)
Entrez Gene 1812 (Hs), 13488 (Mm), 24316 (Rn)
Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000184845 (Hs)
KEGG Gene hsa:1812 (Hs), mmu:13488 (Mm), rno:24316 (Rn)
OMIM 126449 (Hs)
Pharos P21728 (Hs)
RefSeq Nucleotide NM_000794 (Hs), NM_010076 (Mm), NM_012546 (Rn)
RefSeq Protein NP_000785 (Hs), NP_034206 (Mm), NP_036678 (Rn)
UniProtKB P21728 (Hs), Q61616 (Mm), P18901 (Rn)
Wikipedia DRD1 (Hs)
Natural/Endogenous Ligands Click here for help
dopamine
5-hydroxytryptamine
noradrenaline

Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file go icon to follow link

Agonists
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
A77636 Small molecule or natural product Hs Full agonist 8.7 pKi 52
⤷ pKi 8.7 (Ki 1.8x10-9 M) [52]
SKF-75670 Small molecule or natural product Rn Full agonist 8.7 pKi 5
⤷ pKi 8.7 [5]
SKF-81297 Small molecule or natural product Rn Full agonist 8.7 pKi 5
⤷ pKi 8.7 (Ki 1.99x10-9 M) [5]
dihydrexidine Small molecule or natural product Rn Full agonist 8.0 pKi 38
⤷ pKi 8.0 [38]
(+)-SKF-82526 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Full agonist 7.6 pKi 61
⤷ pKi 7.6 (Ki 2.8x10-8 M) [61]
N-propylnorapomorphine Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Full agonist 7.4 pKi 61
⤷ pKi 7.4 [61]
lisuride Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Partial agonist 7.2 pKi 43
⤷ pKi 7.2 [43]
fenoldopam Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Full agonist 6.5 – 7.9 pKi 64
⤷ pKi 6.5 – 7.9 [64]
cabergoline Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Full agonist 6.7 pKi 43
⤷ pKi 6.7 [43]
SKF-38393 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Partial agonist 6.2 – 6.8 pKi 61,64
⤷ pKi 6.2 – 6.8 (Ki 6.31x10-7 – 1.58x10-7 M) [61,64]
bromocriptine Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Partial agonist 6.2 pKi 43,61
⤷ pKi 6.2 [43,61]
pergolide Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Full agonist 5.9 – 6.5 pKi 43,61
⤷ pKi 5.9 – 6.5 [43,61]
SKF-76783 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Full agonist 6.2 pKi 61
⤷ pKi 6.2 [61]
(+)-ADTN Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Full agonist 5.3 – 6.4 pKi 43,61
⤷ pKi 5.3 – 6.4 [43,61]
apomorphine Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Full agonist 5.3 – 6.2 pKi 61,64
⤷ pKi 5.3 – 6.2 [61,64]
(-)-SKF-82526 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Partial agonist 5.7 pKi 61
⤷ pKi 5.7 (Ki 1.818x10-6 M) [61]
rotigotine Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Full agonist 5.6 pKi 61
⤷ pKi 5.6 [61]
5-hydroxytryptamine Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand is endogenous in the given species Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Partial agonist 5.0 pKi 61
⤷ pKi 5.0 [61]
dopamine Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand is endogenous in the given species Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Full agonist 4.3 – 5.6 pKi 61,64
⤷ pKi 4.3 – 5.6 [61,64]
noradrenaline Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand is endogenous in the given species Hs Full agonist 4.3 pKi 61
⤷ pKi 4.3 [61]
SKF-83959 Small molecule or natural product Hs Biased agonist 9.7 pEC50 17
⤷ pEC50 9.7 (EC50 2x10-10 M) [17]
Description: Biased towards G-protein signalling in a cellular assay expressing only D1 receptor.
A68930 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Agonist 6.8 pEC50 46
⤷ pEC50 6.8 (EC50 1.511x10-7 M) [46]
SKF-82958 Small molecule or natural product Hs Agonist - - 70
⤷ [70]
View species-specific agonist tables
Agonist Comments
Reference [5] uses rat striatal homogenate to obtain pKi values.

Some substituted benzazepines such as SKF-83959 are G-protein biased agonists of the dopamine D1 receptor and fail to activate β-arrestin recruitment [17]; their ability to signal through Gq-mediated pathways has been controversial [34].

A68930, A77636 and related compounds exhibit slow dissociation rates from the D1 receptor.
Antagonists
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
[125I]SCH23982 Small molecule or natural product Ligand is labelled Ligand is radioactive Hs Antagonist 9.5 pKd 20
⤷ pKd 9.5 (Kd 3.5x10-10 M) [20]
[3H]SCH-23390 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand is labelled Ligand is radioactive Hs Antagonist 9.5 pKd 75
⤷ pKd 9.5 (Kd 3x10-10 M) [75]
SKF-83566 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 9.5 pKi 61
⤷ pKi 9.5 [61]
SCH-23390 Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 7.4 – 9.5 pKi 61,64
⤷ pKi 7.4 – 9.5 [61,64]
ecopipam Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 8.3 pKi 65
⤷ pKi 8.3 (Ki 5x10-9 M) [65]
periciazine Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Hs Antagonist 8.0 pKi 32
⤷ pKi 8.0 (Ki 1x10-8 M) [32]
haloperidol Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Antagonist 7.6 – 8.2 pKi 58,61
⤷ pKi 7.6 – 8.2 [58,61]
fluphenazine Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 7.7 pKi 61
⤷ pKi 7.7 [61]
flupentixol Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 7.0 – 8.4 pKi 61,64
⤷ pKi 7.0 – 8.4 [61,64]
Description: Note that this assay uses the cis form of the compound, whereas the approved drug is a racemic mixture of cis and trans molecules.
(+)-butaclamol Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 6.5 – 8.5 pKi 61,64
⤷ pKi 6.5 – 8.5 [61,64]
prochlorperazine Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Antagonist 7.1 pKi 9
⤷ pKi 7.1 (Ki 7.8x10-8 M) [9]
chlorpromazine Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Antagonist 7.1 pKi 61
⤷ pKi 7.1 [61]
thioridazine Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 7.0 pKi 61
⤷ pKi 7.0 [61]
mesoridazine Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 7.0 pKi 16
⤷ pKi 7.0 (Ki 1.03x10-7 M) [16]
clozapine Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 6.9 pKi 61
⤷ pKi 6.9 [61]
ketanserin Small molecule or natural product Approved drug Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Antagonist 6.7 pKi 61
⤷ pKi 6.7 [61]
spiperone Small molecule or natural product Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Antagonist 6.7 pKi 61
⤷ pKi 6.7 [61]
Allosteric Modulators
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
mevidalen Small molecule or natural product Primary target of this compound Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Positive 8.6 pEC50 29
⤷ pEC50 8.6 (EC50 2.3x10-9 M) [29]
Description: Potentiator potency: Increase of cAMP by LY3154207 in the presence of an EC20 concentration of dopamine in HEK293 cells transiently expressing human D1 receptors.
LY3154885 Small molecule or natural product Hs Positive 7.9 pEC50 28
⤷ pEC50 7.9 (EC50 1.17x10-8 M) [28]
UCM-1306 Small molecule or natural product Hs Positive 7.2 pEC50 27
⤷ pEC50 7.2 (EC50 6x10-8 M) [27]
Description: Ligand-induced elevation of cAMP production in the presence of EC70 dopamine
mevidalen Small molecule or natural product Ligand has a PDB structure Mm Positive 7.2 pEC50 29
⤷ pEC50 7.2 (EC50 6.2x10-8 M) [29]
Description: Potentiator potency: Increase of cAMP by LY3154207 in the presence of an EC20 concentration of dopamine in HEK293 cells transiently expressing mouse D1 receptors.
View species-specific allosteric modulator tables
Immunopharmacology Comments
D1 receptor signalling has been shown to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activity, and thereby regulating processing and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 in systemic and peripheral inflammation [71].
Primary Transduction Mechanisms Click here for help
Transducer Effector/Response
Gs family Adenylyl cyclase stimulation
References:  13
Secondary Transduction Mechanisms Click here for help
Transducer Effector/Response
Gs family Calcium channel
Other - See Comments
Comments: 
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases [49,68]
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) [53-54]
Phospholipase C β - transducer undetermined [42,66].
β-arrestin recruitment [17,41,67].
References:  7,26
Tissue Distribution Click here for help
Adrenal cortex.
Species:  Human
Technique:  Radioligand binding.
References:  1
Heart, kidney.
Species:  Human
Technique:  Western Blot and Immunohistochemistry.
References:  50
Seminal vesicles.
Species:  Human
Technique:  RT-PCR and Western blot.
References:  31
Brain: Striatum, substantia nigra pars reticulata, globus pallidus, olfactory bulb, amygdala, cerebellar granule cell layer.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  immunocytochemistry.
References:  35
Kidney: Juxtaglomerular apparatus, proximal tubule, distal tubule, cortical collecting duct.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry.
References:  48
Retina.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry.
References:  69
Seminal vesicles.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  RT-PCR and Western blot.
References:  31
Cerebral, mesenteric and renal arteries.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Radioligand binding.
References:  2-3
Heart.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  RT-PCR.
References:  40,73
Expression Datasets Click here for help

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Log average relative transcript abundance in mouse tissues measured by qPCR from Regard, J.B., Sato, I.T., and Coughlin, S.R. (2008). Anatomical profiling of G protein-coupled receptor expression. Cell, 135(3): 561-71. [PMID:18984166] [Raw data: website]

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Functional Assays Click here for help
Measurement of cAMP accumulation in HEK 293 cells transfected with the human D1 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  HEK 293 cells.
Response measured:  Stimulation of cAMP accumulation.
References:  37,60,75
Measurement of cAMP levels in COS-7 cells transfected with the rat D1 receptor.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  COS-7 cells.
Response measured:  Stimulation of cAMP accumulation.
References:  45
Measurement of Ca2+ levels in HEK 293 cells transfected with the human D1 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  HEK 293 cells.
Response measured:  Stimulation of calcium mobilisation.
References:  37,60
Measurement of cAMP levels in CHO cells transfected with the human D1 receptor, using a cAMP response element (CRE)-coupled luciferase construct as the reporter.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  CHO cells.
Response measured:  Stimulation of cAMP accumulation.
References:  30
Measurement of cAMP levels in CHO cells transfected with the human D1 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  CHO cells.
Response measured:  Stimulation of cAMP accumulation.
References:  51
Measurement of IP3 and Ca2+ levels in Xenopus oocytes transfected with the rat D1 receptor.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Xenopus oocytes.
Response measured:  Stimulation of IP3 formation and Ca2+ mobilsation.
References:  39
Measurement of PLC activity in Ltk- cells transfected with the rat D1 receptor.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  LTK- cells.
Response measured:  Stimulation of PLC activity.
References:  72
Measurement of p38 MAPK and JNK levels in SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma cells endogenously expressing the D1 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  SK-N-MC cells.
Response measured:  Activation of p38 MAPK and JNK signalling pathways.
References:  74
Measurement of [3H]arachidonic acid release from rat striatal neurons endogenously expressing the D1 receptors.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Striatal neurons.
Response measured:  Inhibition of [3H]arachidonic acid release.
References:  56
Measurement of cAMP-dependent phosphorylation in slice preparations.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Striatum
Response measured:  Increased phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Thr34.
References:  47,63
Measurement of cAMP-dependent phosphorylation ex vivo.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Striatum
Response measured:  Increased phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Thr34 and GluA1 at Ser845.
References:  18,63
β-arrestin recruitment.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Response measured:  β-arrestin recruitment.
References:  67
Physiological Functions Click here for help
Stimulation of accumulation of cAMP in membrane particles of the rat kidney medulla.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Membrane particles of the rat kidney medulla.
References:  4
Modulation of renin release.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Renal cortical slices.
References:  6
Induction of circling behaviour.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  In vivo.
References:  8
Induction of gnawing behaviour and hypermotility.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  In vivo.
References:  8
Inhibits Na+-K+-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity when a D1 agonist is co-administered with a D2 agonist.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Proximal tubule.
References:  10,15
Inhibition of (Na++K+)ATPase activity via synergism with the D2 receptor.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Isolated striatal neurons.
References:  11
Modulation of locomotor activity.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  In vivo.
References:  12
Contribution to pathophysiology and/or maintenance of increased blood pressure in essential hypertension.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  In vivo.
References:  14
Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression Click here for help
D1 receptor knockout mice exhibit reduced motivation for alcohol consumption.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  23
D1 receptor knockout mice exhibit hunched posture.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  21
D1 receptor knockout mice exhibit significantly fewer rearing events.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  21
D1 receptor knockout mice exhibit decreased body weight and post-natal growth retardation compared with wild-type.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  21-22,25
D1 receptor knockout mice suffer premature death.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  21
D1 receptor knockout mice exhibit dishevelled coats.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  21
D1 receptor knockout mice exhibit abnormal spatial learning.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  22
D1 receptor knockout mice exhibit abnormal contextual conditioning.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  25
D1 receptor knockout mice exhibit abnormal passive avoidance behaviour.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  25
D1 receptor knockout mice exhibit abnormal dendritic morphology in projection neurones within the anterior cingulate cortex and the pre-frontal cortex.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  59
D1 receptor knockout mice exhibit attenuation of sucrose reinforcement.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  24
D1 receptor knockout mice exhibit decreased L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in experimental Parkinsonism.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  19
Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models Click here for help Mouse data from MGI

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Allele Composition & genetic background Accession Phenotype Id Phenotype Reference
Drd1atm1(cre)Rpa Drd1atm1(cre)Rpa/Drd1atm1(cre)Rpa
involves: 129S4/SvJaeSor * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0004924 abnormal behavior PMID: 18615733 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
B6.129S4-Drd1a/J		 MGI:99578  MP:0005535 abnormal body temperature PMID: 18486343 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0000822 abnormal brain ventricle morphology PMID: 17360497 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0004994 abnormal brain wave pattern PMID: 17360497 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0000788 abnormal cerebral cortex morphology PMID: 17360497 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
involves: 129S4/SvJae		 MGI:99578  MP:0001469 abnormal contextual conditioning behavior PMID: 11172752 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1a+
involves: 129S4/SvJae		 MGI:99578  MP:0001469 abnormal contextual conditioning behavior PMID: 11172752 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0000812 abnormal dentate gyrus morphology PMID: 17360497 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2tm1Ebo
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0003119 abnormal digestive system development PMID: 15272078 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2tm1Ebo
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0001663 abnormal digestive system physiology PMID: 15272078 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2+|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2+
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0003271 abnormal duodenum morphology PMID: 15272078 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0000783 abnormal forebrain morphology PMID: 9822743 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0000783 abnormal forebrain morphology PMID: 17360497 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0000807 abnormal hippocampus morphology PMID: 9822743 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0000807 abnormal hippocampus morphology PMID: 17360497 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2tm1Ebo
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0005645 abnormal hypothalamus physiology PMID: 15272078 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2tm1Ebo
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0008802 abnormal intestinal smooth muscle morphology PMID: 15272078 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2tm1Ebo
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0000477 abnormal intestine morphology PMID: 15272078 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0003691 abnormal microglial cell physiology PMID: 17360497 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm1(cre)Rpa|Gad1tm1.1Rpa|Gad1tm1Rpa Drd1atm1(cre)Rpa/Drd1a+,Gad1tm1Rpa/Gad1tm1.1Rpa
involves: 129S4/SvJaeSor * C57BL/6		 MGI:95632  MGI:99578  MP:0001516 abnormal motor coordination/ balance PMID: 18615733 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0003632 abnormal nervous system morphology PMID: 17360497 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0003633 abnormal nervous system physiology PMID: 9822743 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0003633 abnormal nervous system physiology PMID: 17360497 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
involves: 129S4/SvJae		 MGI:99578  MP:0006009 abnormal neuronal migration PMID: 17409246 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
involves: 129S4/SvJae		 MGI:99578  MP:0002799 abnormal passive avoidance behavior PMID: 11172752 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1a+
involves: 129S4/SvJae		 MGI:99578  MP:0002799 abnormal passive avoidance behavior PMID: 11172752 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0001504 abnormal posture PMID: 9822743 
Drd1atm1Stl Drd1atm1Stl/Drd1atm1Stl
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd		 MGI:99578  MP:0003638 abnormal response/metabolism to endogenous compounds PMID: 8001143 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
involves: 129S4/SvJae		 MGI:99578  MP:0001463 abnormal spatial learning PMID: 10585522 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2+|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2+
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0000470 abnormal stomach morphology PMID: 15272078 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0004077 abnormal striatum morphology PMID: 9822743 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0004077 abnormal striatum morphology PMID: 17360497 
Drd1atm1Stl Drd1atm1Stl/Drd1atm1Stl
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0004077 abnormal striatum morphology PMID: 7954836 
Drd1atm1Tono Drd1atm1Tono/Drd1atm1Tono
B6.129P2-Drd1a		 MGI:99578  MP:0004859 abnormal synaptic plasticity PMID: 19074012 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2tm1Ebo
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0009546 absent gastric milk in neonates PMID: 15272078 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2tm1Ebo
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0001438 aphagia PMID: 15272078 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0003354 astrocytosis PMID: 17360497 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0005156 bradykinesia PMID: 9822743 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
involves: 129S4/SvJae		 MGI:99578  MP:0001265 decreased body size PMID: 10585522  11172752 
Drd1atm1(cre)Rpa Drd1atm1(cre)Rpa/Drd1atm1(cre)Rpa
involves: 129S4/SvJaeSor * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0001265 decreased body size PMID: 18615733 
Drd1atm1Stl Drd1atm1Stl/Drd1atm1Stl
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0001265 decreased body size PMID: 7954836 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2tm1Ebo
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0001265 decreased body size PMID: 15272078 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0001262 decreased body weight PMID: 7809078 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0001262 decreased body weight PMID: 17360497 
Drd1atm1Stl Drd1atm1Stl/Drd1atm1Stl
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0001262 decreased body weight PMID: 7954836 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0000774 decreased brain size PMID: 9822743 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0000774 decreased brain size PMID: 17360497 
Drd1atm1Stl Drd1atm1Stl/Drd1atm1Stl
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0000774 decreased brain size PMID: 7954836 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0002175 decreased brain weight PMID: 9822743 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0002175 decreased brain weight PMID: 17360497 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0005574 decreased breathing frequency PMID: 9822743 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2+|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2+
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0003910 decreased eating behavior PMID: 15272078 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm1(cre)Rpa|Gad1tm1.1Rpa|Gad1tm1Rpa Drd1atm1(cre)Rpa/Drd1a+,Gad1tm1Rpa/Gad1tm1.1Rpa
involves: 129S4/SvJaeSor * C57BL/6		 MGI:95632  MGI:99578  MP:0010053 decreased grip strength PMID: 18615733 
Drd1atm1Stl Drd1atm1Stl/Drd1atm1Stl
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd		 MGI:99578  MP:0008874 decreased physiological sensitivity to xenobiotic PMID: 8001143 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
B6.129S4-Drd1a/J		 MGI:99578  MP:0008874 decreased physiological sensitivity to xenobiotic PMID: 18486343 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
B6.129S4-Drd1a/J		 MGI:99578  MP:0009767 decreased sensitivity to xenobiotic induced morbidity/mortality PMID: 18486343 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0002757 decreased vertical activity PMID: 7809078 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0001511 disheveled coat PMID: 7809078 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0005323 dystonia PMID: 9822743 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0005323 dystonia PMID: 17360497 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2tm1Ebo
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0000465 gastrointestinal hemorrhage PMID: 15272078 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2+|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2+
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0000465 gastrointestinal hemorrhage PMID: 15272078 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0002183 gliosis PMID: 9822743 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0001505 hunched posture PMID: 7809078 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0001399 hyperactivity PMID: 17360497 
Drd1atm1Stl Drd1atm1Stl/Drd1atm1Stl
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0001399 hyperactivity PMID: 7954836 
Drd1atm1Stl Drd1atm1Stl/Drd1atm1Stl
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd		 MGI:99578  MP:0001399 hyperactivity PMID: 8001143 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2tm1Ebo
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0001402 hypoactivity PMID: 15272078 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0001525 impaired balance PMID: 9822743 
Drd1atm2Rpa Drd1atm2Rpa/Drd1atm2Rpa
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6 * C57BL/6J		 MGI:99578  MP:0009758 impaired behavioral response to cocaine PMID: 16014726 
Drd1atm1Stl Drd1atm1Stl/Drd1atm1Stl
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd		 MGI:99578  MP:0009758 impaired behavioral response to cocaine PMID: 8001143 
Drd1atm1Stl Drd1atm1Stl/Drd1atm1Stl
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6J		 MGI:99578  MP:0009758 impaired behavioral response to cocaine PMID: 18045908 
Drd1atm1Stl Drd1atm1Stl/Drd1atm1Stl
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0009747 impaired behavioral response to xenobiotic PMID: 7954836 
Drd1atm1Stl Drd1atm1Stl/Drd1atm1Stl
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6J		 MGI:99578  MP:0009747 impaired behavioral response to xenobiotic PMID: 18045908 
Drd1atm2Rpa Drd1atm2Rpa/Drd1atm2Rpa
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6 * C57BL/6J		 MGI:99578  MP:0009712 impaired conditioned place preference behavior PMID: 16014726 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0001523 impaired righting response PMID: 9822743 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0002574 increased vertical activity PMID: 17360497 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2+|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2+
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0000512 intestinal ulcer PMID: 15272078 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0001513 limb grasping PMID: 17360497 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm1(cre)Rpa|Gad1tm1.1Rpa|Gad1tm1Rpa Drd1atm1(cre)Rpa/Drd1a+,Gad1tm1Rpa/Gad1tm1.1Rpa
involves: 129S4/SvJaeSor * C57BL/6		 MGI:95632  MGI:99578  MP:0001513 limb grasping PMID: 18615733 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
involves: 129S4/SvJae		 MGI:99578  MP:0003246 loss of GABAergic neurons PMID: 17409246 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0000243 myoclonus PMID: 9822743 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+
either: (involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c) or (involves: 129S4/SvJae * CD-1)		 MGI:99578  MP:0002169 no abnormal phenotype detected PMID: 9822743 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0001732 postnatal growth retardation PMID: 7809078 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2tm1Ebo
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0001732 postnatal growth retardation PMID: 15272078 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2+|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2+
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0001732 postnatal growth retardation PMID: 15272078 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(EIIa-cre)C5379Lmgd/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * BALB/c * CD-1 * FVB/N		 MGI:2137685  MGI:99578  MP:0002082 postnatal lethality PMID: 9822743 
Drd1atm1Stl Drd1atm1Stl/Drd1atm1Stl
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0002082 postnatal lethality PMID: 7954836 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2tm1Ebo
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0002082 postnatal lethality PMID: 15272078 
Drd1atm1Jcd Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:99578  MP:0002083 premature death PMID: 7809078 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2+|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2+
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0002083 premature death PMID: 15272078 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0002064 seizures PMID: 17360497 
Drd1atm1Jcd|Drd2+|Drd2tm1Ebo Drd1atm1Jcd/Drd1atm1Jcd,Drd2tm1Ebo/Drd2+
involves: 129S2/SvPas * 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6		 MGI:94924  MGI:99578  MP:0003306 small intestinal inflammation PMID: 15272078 
Drd1a+|Drd1atm2Jcd|Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc Drd1atm2Jcd/Drd1a+,Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc/0
involves: 129S4/SvJae * FVB/N		 MGI:2181425  MGI:99578  MP:0001512 trunk curl PMID: 17360497 
Biologically Significant Variants Click here for help
Type:  Single nucleotide polymorphism
Species:  Human
Description:  Ala48 -> Gly48 polymorphism associated with hypertension.
Amino acid change:  A48G
References:  55
Type:  Single nucleotide polymorphism
Species:  Human
Description:  5' UTR substitution Ala48 -> Gly48 increases severity of alcohol dependence and promotes sensation-seeking behaviour in alcoholic males.
Amino acid change:  A48G
References:  33,36
Type:  Single nucleotide polymorphism
Species:  Human
Description:  Ala48 -> Gly48 polymorphism associated with bipolar disorder.
Amino acid change:  A48G
References:  57
General Comments
The gene organisation was established in rat [75] and human [44] and is intronless in the coding region but presents a small intron in the 5'-untranslated region. The promoter region lacks TATA and CAAT boxes and has a high G+C content and consensus sequences for cAMP response element, AP1, AP2 and Sp1 binding sites [44].

References

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15. Chen C, Lokhandwala MF. (1993) Inhibition of Na+,K(+)-ATPase in rat renal proximal tubules by dopamine involved DA-1 receptor activation. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 347 (3): 289-95. [PMID:8097567]

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17. Conroy JL, Free RB, Sibley DR. (2015) Identification of G protein-biased agonists that fail to recruit β-arrestin or promote internalization of the D1 dopamine receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci, 6 (4): 681-92. [PMID:25660762]

18. Corvol JC, Valjent E, Pascoli V, Robin A, Stipanovich A, Luedtke RR, Belluscio L, Girault JA, Hervé D. (2007) Quantitative changes in Galphaolf protein levels, but not D1 receptor, alter specifically acute responses to psychostimulants. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32 (5): 1109-21. [PMID:17063155]

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