Top ▲

stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1

Click here for help

Immunopharmacology Ligand  Target has curated data in GtoImmuPdb

Target id: 2902

Nomenclature: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1

Abbreviated Name: STING

Family: Other pattern recognition receptors

Contents:

Gene and Protein Information Click here for help
Species TM AA Chromosomal Location Gene Symbol Gene Name Reference
Human 4 379 5q31.2 STING1 stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1
Mouse 4 378 18 Sting1 stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1
Rat - 379 18p11 Sting1 stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1
Gene and Protein Information Comments
For the human and mouse genes alternate splicing is reported to result in multiple transcript variants, and protein isoforms. We provide details for the longest transcripts and proteins here. The Entrez gene links provide full details of other variants identified.
Previous and Unofficial Names Click here for help
Tmem173 | NET23 | STimulator of INterferon Genes | STING | TMEM173 | transmembrane protein 173
Database Links Click here for help
Alphafold Q86WV6 (Hs), Q3TBT3 (Mm)
ChEMBL Target CHEMBL4523377 (Hs), CHEMBL4523311 (Mm)
Ensembl Gene ENSG00000184584 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000024349 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000042137 (Rn)
Entrez Gene 340061 (Hs), 72512 (Mm), 498840 (Rn)
Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000184584 (Hs)
KEGG Gene hsa:340061 (Hs), mmu:72512 (Mm), rno:498840 (Rn)
OMIM 612374 (Hs)
Pharos Q86WV6 (Hs)
RefSeq Nucleotide NM_198282 (Hs), NM_028261 (Mm), NM_001109122 (Rn)
RefSeq Protein NP_938023 (Hs), NP_082537 (Mm), NP_001102592 (Rn)
SynPHARM 83677 (in complex with 2'3'-cGAMP)
UniProtKB Q86WV6 (Hs), Q3TBT3 (Mm)
Wikipedia STING1 (Hs)
Selected 3D Structures Click here for help
Image of receptor 3D structure from RCSB PDB
Description:  Crystal structure of STING in complex with cGAMP
PDB Id:  4KSY
Ligand:  2'3'-cGAMP
Resolution:  1.88Å
Species:  Human
References:  35
Image of receptor 3D structure from RCSB PDB
Description:  Human STING bound to both cGAMP and 1-[(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)methyl]-3,3-dimethyl-2-oxo-N-[(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)methyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-6-carboxamide (Compound 53)
PDB Id:  7SII
Ligand:  compound 53 [PMID: 33038794]
Resolution:  3.45Å
Species:  Human
References:  25

Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file go icon to follow link

Agonists
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
ulevostinag Small molecule or natural product Mm Agonist 10.7 pKd 6
⤷ pKd 10.7 (Kd 2x10-11 M) [6]
STING agonist 2 Small molecule or natural product Primary target of this compound Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Agonist 8.8 pKd 28
⤷ pKd 8.8 (Kd 1.6x10-9 M) [28]
Description: Competition binding of full-length STING protein to an immobilised derivative of compound 2 on a solid support.
ulevostinag Small molecule or natural product Hs Agonist 8.5 pKd 6
⤷ pKd 8.5 (Kd 2.95x10-9 M) [6]
2'3'-cGAMP Small molecule or natural product Ligand is endogenous in the given species Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Agonist 8.3 – 8.4 pKd 35
⤷ pKd 8.3 – 8.4 (Kd 4.59x10-9 – 3.79x10-9 M) [35]
compound 53 [PMID: 33038794] Small molecule or natural product Ligand has a PDB structure Hs Agonist 6.7 pEC50 27
⤷ pEC50 6.7 (EC50 1.85x10-7 M) [27]
compound 40 [PMID: 33470814] Small molecule or natural product Hs Agonist 6.6 pEC50 32
⤷ pEC50 6.6 (EC50 2.4x10-7 M) [32]
Description: Determined in a luciferase reporter assay measuring activation of interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) in human THP1-Dual cells.
SNX281 Small molecule or natural product Hs Agonist 5.4 pIC50 2
⤷ pIC50 5.4 (IC50 4.1x10-6 M) [2]
Description: Displacement of [3H]-cGAMP
STING agonist 3 Small molecule or natural product Primary target of this compound Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Agonist - - 28
⤷ [28]
ADU-S100 Small molecule or natural product Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Agonist - - 9
⤷ [9]
diABZI-4 Small molecule or natural product Hs Agonist - - 7
⤷ [7]
cyclic di-GMP Small molecule or natural product Ligand has a PDB structure Immunopharmacology Ligand Mm Agonist - - 5
⤷ [5]
Description: Kd 4.9 mM
View species-specific agonist tables
Antagonists
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
H-151 Small molecule or natural product Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Inhibition - - 18
⤷ [18]
Immunopharmacology Comments
STING functions as a major regulator of the innate immune response to viral and bacterial infections [24]. Located in the endoplasmic reticulum, it acts as a pattern recognition receptor, activating type I interferon (IFN) responses upon direct binding to a variety of different cyclic-di-nucleotides (for example of pathogenic origin) [3,5,19-20,33]. Mechanistically, STING mediates DNA-induced TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) activation, which in turn coordinates the phosphorylation-induced activation of IRF3 (an interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF)) leading to transcriptional regulation of immune response genes including type I IFNs and antiviral IFN-stimulated genes [33]. In cancer, STING is reported to mediate immune recognition of immunogenic tumours, by activating the cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-STING-interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) pathway in response to the detection of tumor-cell-derived DNA [22,34].
STING sits at the crossroads of infection, inflammation and cancer, hence pharmaceutical industry interest is intense [4]. Pharmacological stimulation of innate type I IFN responses by STING agonists is being investigated as a novel way to combat viral infections [17,29], and for immuno-oncology potential [1,8,12,14-15,26]. Several cyclic dinucleotide-based STING agonists are under scrutiny. Merck's STING agonist ulevostinag (MK-1454) was advanced to clinical evaluaion, however zero activity was detected in NCT03010176 where the compound was evaluated as a monotherapy in patients with solid tumors or lymphomas [16]. Additional trials with ulevostinag in combination with the anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab were progressed. The mechanistic function of Aduro Biotech's cyclic dinucleotide STING agonist ADU-S100 (PubChem CID 118989191) in its antitumour activity was reported by Sivick et al. in 2018 [31], but as with the Merck competitor, its clinical efficacy was disappointing. Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals' STING agonist (SB 11285) has advanced to Phase 1 evaluation in a variety of solid tumours, either alone or as an adjunct to anti-PD-L1 atezolizumab (NCT04096638).

Identification of activating STING mutations as the cause of infantile-onset STING-associated vasculopathy (SAVI) [11,23] has instigated the search for pharmacological inhibitors of STING, as a therapeutic strategy not only for SAVI but also for other DNA-induced type I interferonopathies, including systemic lupus erythematosus [10,21].

cGAS-STING pathway in SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)
The cGAS-STING pathway is reported to drive Type I interferon-mediated immunopathology in COVID-19 [13]. In vivo (in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice) studies revealed that pharmacological inhibition of STING (with the small molecule STING inhibitor H-151) reduced COVID-19-associated severe lung inflammation, and improved disease outcomes.
Immuno Process Associations
Immuno Process:  Inflammation
Immuno Process:  Immune regulation
Immuno Process:  Cytokine production & signalling
Immuno Process:  Cellular signalling
Physiological Functions Click here for help
STING mediates synthesis of type I interferon and initiation of immune responses upon detection of aberrant DNA species or cyclic di-GMP-AMP (cGAMP) in the cytosol
Species:  Human
Tissue: 
References:  4
Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology Click here for help
Disease:  STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy
Description: An autoinflammatory interferonopathy characterised by neonatal-onset of systemic inflammation especially affecting the skin, blood vessels, and lungs.
Synonyms: SAVI
STING-associated vasculopathy, infantile-onset
OMIM: 615934
Drugs:  Since no agent directly targets STING, indirect inhibition by the JAK3 inhibitor tofacitinib was studied . Tofacitinib-induced JAK3 inhibition relieves SAVI symptoms by inhibiting the overactive IFN signaling pathway observed in SAVI pathology.
References:  23,30
Click column headers to sort
Type Species Amino acid change Nucleotide change Description Reference
Missense Human S102P + F279L p.Ser102Pro is located within the transmembrane region of STING, and p.Phe279Leu is located in the cytoplasmic domain. These domains are believed to be involved in homodimerization and maintenance of proper subcellular localisation. 30
Missense, gain of function Human V147L 23
Missense, gain of function Human N154S 23
Missense, gain of function Human V155M 23
General Comments
STING is a pattern recognition receptor that is a central signalling component of the intracellular DNA sensing pathway,

References

Show »

1. Ager CR, Reilley MJ, Nicholas C, Bartkowiak T, Jaiswal AR, Curran MA. (2017) Intratumoral STING Activation with T-cell Checkpoint Modulation Generates Systemic Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res, 5 (8): 676-684. [PMID:28674082]

2. Allen BK, Kulkarni M, Chamberlain B, Dwight T, Koh C, Samant R, Jernigan F, Rice J, Tan D, Li S et al.. (2022) Design of a systemic small molecule clinical STING agonist using physics-based simulations and artificial intelligence. biorxiv, Preprint. DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.23.493001

3. Barber GN. (2014) STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing pathways. Trends Immunol, 35 (2): 88-93. [PMID:24309426]

4. Barber GN. (2015) STING: infection, inflammation and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol, 15 (12): 760-70. [PMID:26603901]

5. Burdette DL, Monroe KM, Sotelo-Troha K, Iwig JS, Eckert B, Hyodo M, Hayakawa Y, Vance RE. (2011) STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP. Nature, 478 (7370): 515-8. [PMID:21947006]

6. Chang W, Altman MD, Lesburg CA, Perera SA, Piesvaux JA, Schroeder GK, Wyss DF, Cemerski S, Chen Y, DiNunzio E et al.. (2022) Discovery of MK-1454: A Potent Cyclic Dinucleotide Stimulator of Interferon Genes Agonist for the Treatment of Cancer. J Med Chem, 65 (7): 5675-5689. [PMID:35332774]

7. Charnley AK, Darcy MG, Dodson JW, Dong X, Hughes TV, Kang J, Leister LK, Lian Y, Li Y, Mehlmann JF et al.. (2017) Heterocyclic amides useful as protein modulators. Patent number: WO2017175147A1. Assignee: Glaxosmithkline Intellectual Property Development Limited. Priority date: 07/04/2016. Publication date: 12/10/2017.

8. Corrales L, Gajewski TF. (2015) Molecular Pathways: Targeting the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) in the Immunotherapy of Cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 21 (21): 4774-9. [PMID:26373573]

9. Corrales L, Glickman LH, McWhirter SM, Kanne DB, Sivick KE, Katibah GE, Woo SR, Lemmens E, Banda T, Leong JJ et al.. (2015) Direct Activation of STING in the Tumor Microenvironment Leads to Potent and Systemic Tumor Regression and Immunity. Cell Rep, 11 (7): 1018-30. [PMID:25959818]

10. Crow YJ. (2011) Type I interferonopathies: a novel set of inborn errors of immunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1238: 91-8. [PMID:22129056]

11. Crow YJ, Casanova JL. (2014) STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy--a new interferonopathy. N Engl J Med, 371 (6): 568-71. [PMID:25029336]

12. Curran E, Chen X, Corrales L, Kline DE, Dubensky Jr TW, Duttagupta P, Kortylewski M, Kline J. (2016) STING Pathway Activation Stimulates Potent Immunity against Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cell Rep, 15 (11): 2357-66. [PMID:27264175]

13. Domizio JD, Gulen MF, Saidoune F, Thacker VV, Yatim A, Sharma K, Nass T, Guenova E, Schaller M, Conrad C et al.. (2022) The cGAS-STING pathway drives type I IFN immunopathology in COVID-19. Nature, 603 (7899): 145-151. [PMID:35045565]

14. Foote JB, Kok M, Leatherman JM, Armstrong TD, Marcinkowski BC, Ojalvo LS, Kanne DB, Jaffee EM, Dubensky Jr TW, Emens LA. (2017) A STING Agonist Given with OX40 Receptor and PD-L1 Modulators Primes Immunity and Reduces Tumor Growth in Tolerized Mice. Cancer Immunol Res, 5 (6): 468-479. [PMID:28483787]

15. Gadkaree SK, Fu J, Sen R, Korrer MJ, Allen C, Kim YJ. (2017) Induction of tumor regression by intratumoral STING agonists combined with anti-programmed death-L1 blocking antibody in a preclinical squamous cell carcinoma model. Head Neck, 39 (6): 1086-1094. [PMID:28323387]

16. Gogoi H, Mansouri S, Jin L. (2020) The Age of Cyclic Dinucleotide Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel), 8 (3). DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030453 [PMID:32823563]

17. Guo F, Tang L, Shu S, Sehgal M, Sheraz M, Liu B, Zhao Q, Cheng J, Zhao X, Zhou T et al.. (2017) Activation of Stimulator of Interferon Genes in Hepatocytes Suppresses the Replication of Hepatitis B Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 61 (10). [PMID:28717041]

18. Haag SM, Gulen MF, Reymond L, Gibelin A, Abrami L, Decout A, Heymann M, van der Goot FG, Turcatti G, Behrendt R et al.. (2018) Targeting STING with covalent small-molecule inhibitors. Nature, 559 (7713): 269-273. [PMID:29973723]

19. Ishikawa H, Barber GN. (2011) The STING pathway and regulation of innate immune signaling in response to DNA pathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci, 68 (7): 1157-65. [PMID:21161320]

20. Ishikawa H, Ma Z, Barber GN. (2009) STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate immunity. Nature, 461 (7265): 788-92. [PMID:19776740]

21. Jeremiah N, Neven B, Gentili M, Callebaut I, Maschalidi S, Stolzenberg MC, Goudin N, Frémond ML, Nitschke P, Molina TJ et al.. (2014) Inherited STING-activating mutation underlies a familial inflammatory syndrome with lupus-like manifestations. J Clin Invest, 124 (12): 5516-20. [PMID:25401470]

22. Larkin B, Ilyukha V, Sorokin M, Buzdin A, Vannier E, Poltorak A. (2017) Cutting Edge: Activation of STING in T Cells Induces Type I IFN Responses and Cell Death. J Immunol, 199 (2): 397-402. [PMID:28615418]

23. Liu Y, Jesus AA, Marrero B, Yang D, Ramsey SE, Montealegre Sanchez GA, Tenbrock K, Wittkowski H, Jones OY, Kuehn HS et al.. (2014) Activated STING in a vascular and pulmonary syndrome. N Engl J Med, 371 (6): 507-18. [PMID:25029335]

24. Liu Y, Lin R, Olagnier D. (2017) RIGulation of STING expression: at the crossroads of viral RNA and DNA sensing pathways. Inflamm Cell Signal, 4 (1): e1491. [PMID:28191486]

25. Lu D, Shang G, Li J, Lu Y, Bai XC, Zhang X. (2022) Activation of STING by targeting a pocket in the transmembrane domain. Nature, 604 (7906): 557-562. [PMID:35388221]

26. Ohkuri T, Ghosh A, Kosaka A, Sarkar SN, Okada H. (2015) Protective role of STING against gliomagenesis: Rational use of STING agonist in anti-glioma immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology, 4 (4): e999523. [PMID:26137417]

27. Pryde DC, Middya S, Banerjee M, Shrivastava R, Basu S, Ghosh R, Yadav DB, Surya A. (2021) The discovery of potent small molecule activators of human STING. Eur J Med Chem, 209: 112869. [PMID:33038794]

28. Ramanjulu JM, Pesiridis GS, Yang J, Concha N, Singhaus R, Zhang SY, Tran JL, Moore P, Lehmann S, Eberl HC et al.. (2018) Design of amidobenzimidazole STING receptor agonists with systemic activity. Nature, 564 (7736): 439-443. [PMID:30405246]

29. Sali TM, Pryke KM, Abraham J, Liu A, Archer I, Broeckel R, Staverosky JA, Smith JL, Al-Shammari A, Amsler L et al.. (2015) Characterization of a Novel Human-Specific STING Agonist that Elicits Antiviral Activity Against Emerging Alphaviruses. PLoS Pathog, 11 (12): e1005324. [PMID:26646986]

30. Seo J, Kang JA, Suh DI, Park EB, Lee CR, Choi SA, Kim SY, Kim Y, Park SH, Ye M et al.. (2017) Tofacitinib relieves symptoms of stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy caused by 2 de novo variants in TMEM173. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 139 (4): 1396-1399.e12. [PMID:28041677]

31. Sivick KE, Desbien AL, Glickman LH, Reiner GL, Corrales L, Surh NH, Hudson TE, Vu UT, Francica BJ, Banda T et al.. (2018) Magnitude of Therapeutic STING Activation Determines CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Anti-tumor Immunity. Cell Rep, 25 (11): 3074-3085.e5. [PMID:30540940]

32. Song Z, Wang X, Zhang Y, Gu W, Shen A, Ding C, Li H, Xiao R, Geng M, Xie Z et al.. (2021) Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Amidobenzimidazole Analogues Leading to Potent and Systemically Administrable Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING) Agonists. J Med Chem, 64 (3): 1649-1669. [PMID:33470814]

33. Tang CH, Zundell JA, Ranatunga S, Lin C, Nefedova Y, Del Valle JR, Hu CC. (2016) Agonist-Mediated Activation of STING Induces Apoptosis in Malignant B Cells. Cancer Res, 76 (8): 2137-52. [PMID:26951929]

34. Woo SR, Fuertes MB, Corrales L, Spranger S, Furdyna MJ, Leung MY, Duggan R, Wang Y, Barber GN, Fitzgerald KA et al.. (2014) STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing mediates innate immune recognition of immunogenic tumors. Immunity, 41 (5): 830-42. [PMID:25517615]

35. Zhang X, Shi H, Wu J, Zhang X, Sun L, Chen C, Chen ZJ. (2013) Cyclic GMP-AMP containing mixed phosphodiester linkages is an endogenous high-affinity ligand for STING. Mol Cell, 51 (2): 226-35. [PMID:23747010]

How to cite this page

Other pattern recognition receptors: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1. Last modified on 05/02/2024. Accessed on 18/04/2024. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, https://www.guidetoimmunopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=2902.